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.
Class A(1) : Line perpendicular to P.P. & hence
parallel to both the other planes
b’
a’
.
b’
Y1
a’
Y
X
b
a
X Y Y1
a T.V. b
a’,. b’
A
B
a
b
X
Class A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
(i.e. H.P. & P.P.)
Class A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
a’,. b’
X a
b
Class A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
V.P.
a’,. b’
F.V.
X Y
a
T.V.
b H.P.
Exercise 2 :- A Line ABC, 80mm long is perpendicular
to V.P & 50mm below H.P. Point B, 20mm from A is on
V.P. A is in 4th quadrant. Draw the projections of line
ABC.
.c Data given :-
(1) T.L. = 80mm
60
(2) AB = 20, BC = 60
(3) Point B is in V.P.
X .b Y
(4) Line is 50mm below H.P.
20
.a
50
Scale :- 1:1
Y
b’
B
a’
A
.
a,b
X
Class A(3):Line perpendicular to H.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
Class A(3):Line perpendicular to H.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
b’
a’
.
a,b
Class A(3):Line perpendicular to H.P. & (hence)
parallel to both the other Planes
V.P.
a’
b’
X Y
a,. b
H.P.
Exercise 3:- A Line AB, 50mm long is perpendicular to
H.P. & it is below H.P. Point A is on H.P. & 30mm
behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line AB.
Data given :-
a,b
(1) T.L. = 50mm
On H.P.
(2) Point A 30mm Behind
X . Y
a’ V.P.
(3) Line is perpendicular
F.V.=T.L. to H.P.
.b’
Scale :- 1:1
Class B(1): Line contained by ( or parallel to)
V.P. & inclined to H.P. by
Y
B b’
A
θ b Y
a’
a
X
X
Class B(1): Line contained by ( or parallel to) V.P.
& inclined to H.P. by
b’
θ b Y
a’
a
X
Class B(1): Line contained by ( or parallel to) V.P.
& inclined to H.P. by
V.P.
b’
a’
a b
X Y
V.P.
Exercise 4 :- A Line AB, 75mm long, is in V.P. It
makes an angle of 30º with the H.P. Point A is
20mm above H.P. Draw the projections of line AB.
b’ Data given :-
(1)T.L. = 75mm
(2) = 30º
. ==30º
a’
(3)Point A = 20mm
X a. b Y above H.P.
T.V. - Line AB is in V.P.
Scale :- 1:1
Class B(2) : Line parallel to (or contained by) H.P. &
inclined to V.P. by
Y V.P.
b’ a’ b’
a’ A ø B
X Y
a b a =
X
b
H.P.
Exercise 5 :- A Line AB, 120mm long, is parallel to H.P.
and inclined to V.P. by 50º. Point B is 10mm above H.P.
and 40mm on in front of V.P. Point A is behind V.P. Draw
the projection of line AB.
Data given :-
a.
(1) T.L. = 120mm
a’. F.V. .b’ (2) = 50º
10 above H.P.
X Y (3) Point B
= 40mm in Front of
V.P.
- Line is parallel to H.P.
. - Point A is behind V.P.
b
Scale :- 1:1
Class B(3): Line parallel to (or contained by) P.P.,
inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by
Y
a”
a’
A
Y
b”
b’
X B
a
b
X
Z
Class B(3): Line parallel to (or contained by) P.P.,
inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by
V.P. a’ a” P.P.
b’
b”
X
Y
a
b
H.P.
Exercise 6 :- The distance between the end projectors of
line MN is zero. Point M is 40 mm below H.P. & 25 mm
behind V.P. Point N is 15 mm below H.P. & 65 mm behind
V.P. Draw its projections and find the angle of the line with
H.P. and V.P. Also find the true length of the line.
Data given :-
.n (1) Point M
40 below H.P.
25 mm behind V.P.
T.V.
.
m 15 below H.P.
65
(2) Point N
65 mm behind V.P.
25
45 Y
X (3) End projector dist. = 0
15
.n’
.n”
40
F.V. T.L.
.m’ .m”
Class C:Line inclined to H.P. by & V.P. by
( i.e. Line inclined to both the planes)
Y
b’
B
a’ A
a b
X
Class C:Line inclined to H.P. by & V.P. by (
i.e. Line inclined to both the planes)
b’
a’
a
b
Class C:Line inclined to H.P. by & V.P. by (
i.e. Line inclined to both the planes)
V.P.
b’
a’
X Y
a
b H.P.
Exercise 7:- A Line AB, 90 mm long, is inclined to H.P.
by 30° and inclined to V.P. by 45º. The line is in first
quadrant with Point A 15 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in
front of V.P. Draw the projection of line AB.
Locus of b’
b’ b1’ Data Given :-
(1) T.L.=90 mm
(2) Θ =30°
α
a’ . θ
b2’
(3) Φ =45°
25 15
15 above H.P.
X Y (4) Point A 25 mm in Front of
a
. Φβ
b1 V.P.
Answers :-
(1) F.V.= 64 mm
(2) T.V = 78 mm
b b2 Locus of b (3) = 45° (4) = 55°
Exercise 8 :- The distance between the end projectors of a
straight line AB is 80mm. Point A is 10mm above H.P. and
30mm in front of V.P. Point B is 40mm above H.P. and 50mm
behind V.P. Draw the projections and find the inclination of
straight line AB with H.P & V.P. and the true length of the
line. Data given :-
(1) E.P.D. = 80mm
10 above H.P.
Locus of b (2) Point A 30mm in front of
V.P.
Locus of b’
..
b b1
b’
(3) Point B 40 above H.P.
50mm behind
b2’ V.P.
50
40
a’ . b1’ Answers :-
30 10
X Y (1) = 15º
(2) = 43º
a
. 80 b2 (3) T.L. = 117mm
Exersice 9 : A room is 5m X 4.5m X 4 m high. Determine
by method of projections of straight lines, distance
between diagonally(solid) opposite corners of the room.
Locus of b’
b’ Data Given :-
b2’
(1) Length of the room=L=5m
(2) Breadth of the room=B=4.5m
θ (3) Height of the room=H=4m
a’
X a Y
b2 Answer :-
(1) Diagonal distance between
B
Scale :- 1:20
1m
Locus of q Answer :-
- the real distance between
centres of two mangoes =
G 1m L p’q2’= 1.63m
Exercise 12 : The F.V. of a line MN, 90 mm long, measures
65 mm. Point M is in V.P. and 20 mm below H.P. Point N is
in the first quadrant. Draw the projections and find
inclinations of line with H.P. and V.P. Data Given:
Locus of n’ 20mm below H.P.
n’ n1’ (1) Point M
In V.P.
(2) T.L.= 90 mm
F.V. (3) F.V.= 65 mm
X . m
Φ
n1
Y (4) α = 45°
(5) Point N is in
20
α θ
.
m’ n2’
first Quadrant
Answers:
T.V.
(1) Θ = 31°
(2) Φ = 44°
n n2
Locus of n Scale:- 1:1
TRACES OF A LINE
Definition: When a line is inclined to a plane, it
will meet that plane, produced if
necessary. The point where the line or
line produced meets the plane is called
trace.
Horizontal Trace: The point of intersection of
the inclined line with the H.P. is called
Horizontal Trace or simply H.T.
b’
Y
B
a’
h A
v .a b
X
H.T.
. V.T.
IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING
TRACES OF A LINE
- If a line is inclined to both H.P. & V.P. then
its Front view, h’ and V.T. must be on the
same straight line.
e.g. if front view of a line AB is a’b’, then
h,a’,b’ and V.T. must be on a same straight
line.
b’
a’ =
=30º
h’ a b
H.T. T.V.
Exercise 13 : A line AB, 80 mm long is seen as
a straight line of length 55mm in its front
view and of length 65 mm in its top view.
Its end A is 10 mm above H.P. & is in first
quadrant where as end B is 25 mm behind
V.P. and is in Second Quadrant. Draw its
projections and find out its inclinations
with H.P. & V.P. and also locate its traces.
Data Given:
(1) T.L.=80 mm (2) F.V. = 55mm (3) T.V. = 65mm
10 mm above H.P.
(4) End A ??? I.F.O V.P. Locus of b’
??? above H.P.
(5) End B b1’
25mm behind V.P. b’
V.T.
F.V.
. b b2
Locus of b
Answers:
(1) = 36° a’
25
b2’
10
(2) = 46° X h v Y
(3) H.T.=46mm T.V.
I.F.O. V.P. a
(4) V.T.=36mm
H.T. .
65 b1
above H.P.
Exercise 14 : The end projectors distance of a
line MN is zero. Its end M is 25mm below
H.P. & 40mm behind V.P. where as end N is
10 above H.P. & 55mm in front of V.P.
Draw its projections and find out its
inclinations with H.P. & V.P. and also
locate its traces.
Data Given:
25 below H.P.
(1) End M 40 behind V.P.
10 above H.P.
Z (2) End N
55mm I.F.O.V.P.
.
m (3) E.P.D. = 0
Answers:
.n’ .n” (1) = 20°
X .v .
V.T.
.H.T. (2) = 70°
Y (3) T.L.= 101mm
.hm’ m” . (4) H.T.=27mm
I.F.O. V.P.
.n (5) V.T.=12mm
below H.P.
Z (6) + = 90°
Exercise 15 : A divider instrument of a compass box
having two equal arms AB & BC hinged at B is kept
in H.P. on its needle point A & C with the line joining
A & C is perpendicular to V.P. It is seen in front view
as a straight line 100mm long inclined at 30° to H.P.
while it is seen in top view as an angle abc with <abc
= 60°. Draw its front view and top view and find;
(1) The height of point B above H.P.
(2) The apart distance between the needle points
A&C
(3)The lengths of arms AB & BC with real
between them
Data Given: Locus of b’
b’
(1) F.V.=100 mm
f
(2) = 30° F.V.
H
(3) <abc =2 = 60° a’,c’
X b1’ Y
(4) ac is perpendicular
to V.P. a,A
Answers:
AB dist.
(1) AB = 112mm
2 60° b
(2) 2 = 53° b1, B
(3) AC = 100 mm Locus of b’
c,C
Exercise 16 : The end A of a straight line AB,
120mm long, is 50 mm behind V.P. & 35 mm
below H.P. The line is inclined to H.P. by 30° &
has a point C on it in both the reference
planes. Draw the projections of the line and
find out its inclinations with V.P. Also locate its
traces.
Data Given:
35 below H.P.
(1) End A 50 behind V.P.
a. c1 b1 (2) T.L.=120 mm
Locus of b’ (3) = 30°
T.V. of AC b’ b1’ (4) C on AB in
50
X
C,c’,c
.
H.T. & V.T.
c1’
Y Answers:
F.V. of AC (1) = 45°
35
. (2) H.T.= in
a’ b b2 b2’ V.P.& H.P.
(3) V.T.= in V.P.
Locus of b’
& H.P.
PROJECTIONS OF
STRAIGHT LINES