HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL

POWER SYSTEMS

Presented by
Stefanos Manias

1 |
  


 CONTACT INFORMATION

Stefanos N. Manias
National Technical University of Athens
Phone: +3010-77à3503
FAX: +3010-77à3593
E-mail: manias@central.ntua.gr

Mailing Address
National Technical University of Athens
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
9, Iroon Polytechniou Str, 15773 Zografou
Athens, Greece

à |
  


 PLAN OF PRESENTATION

1. DEFINITIONS
à. CATEGORIES OF POWER QUALITY VARIATIONS
3. HARMONIC DISTORTION SOURCES IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEMS
4. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
5. HARMONIC MEASUREMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
6. HARMONIC STANDARDS
7. HARMONIC MITIGATING TECHNIQUES
8. GENERAL PASSIVE AND ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN PROCEDURES
9. DESIGN EXAMPLES
10. CONCLUSIONS

3 |
  


 WHY HARMONIC ANALYSIS ?

When a voltage and/or current waveform is distorted, it causes

abnormal operating conditions in a power system such as:

X Voltage Harmonics can cause additional heating in induction and

synchronous motors and generators.
X Voltage Harmonics with high peak values can weaken insulation in
cables, windings, and capacitors.
X Voltage Harmonics can cause malfunction of different electronic
components and circuits that utilize the voltage waveform for
synchronization or timing.
X Current Harmonics in motor windings can create Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI).

4 |
  


 X Current Harmonics flowing through cables can cause higher
heating over and above the heating that is created from the
fundamental component.
X Current Harmonics flowing through a transformer can cause
higher heating over and above the heating that is created by the
fundamental component.
X Current Harmonics flowing through circuit breakers and switch-
gear can increase their heating losses.
X RESONANT CURRENTS which are created by current harmonics
and the different filtering topologies of the power system can
cause capacitor failures and/or fuse failures in the capacitor or
other electrical equipment.
X False tripping of circuit breakers ad protective relays.

5 |
  


 HARMONIC SOURCES
a) Current Source nonlinear load

Thyristor rectifier for dc drives, Per-phase equivalent circuit

heater drives, etc. of thyristor rectifier
b) Voltage source nonlinear load

Diode rectifier for ac drives, Per-phase equivalent circuit

electronic equipment, etc of diode rectifier

6 |
  


 INPUT CURRENT OF DIFFERENT
NOLINEAR LOADS

TYPE OF TYPICAL WAREFORM THD%

NONLINEAR LOAD

p


1-ij p  80%
Uncontrolled (high 3rd

p 

Rectifier component)
 

  
p



p


p

ànd, 3rd, 4th ,......
1-ij p 
harmonic


Semicontrolled p  components
Rectifier Bridge  

  

 p

p


p


6 ±Pulse Rectifier p 

with output voltage 80%



p 
filtering and without
 
input reactor filter p

   5, 7, 11, «««.



p


7 |
  


 p


6 - Pulse Rectifier
p 
with output voltage 40%


filtering and with 3% p  5, 7, 11, «««..
reactor filter or with  
continues output p

  


current 
p


p


6 - Pulse Rectifier p 


with large output p  à8%
inductor   5, 7, 11, «««..
p
  

 
p


p


p 

1à - Pulse Rectifier 15%



p 

 
11, 13, «««..
p
  

 
p


8 |
  


 CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 6-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS
HARMONIC P.U PULSE
1 1.00
5 0.à
7 0.143
11 0.09
13 0.077
17 0.059
19 0.053
à3 0.04
CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 1à-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS
HARMONIC P.U PULSE IEEE 519 std
1 1.00 -
5 0.03-0.06 5.6%
7 0.0à-0.06 5.6%
11 0.05-0.09 à.8%
13 0.03-0.08 à.8%
THD 7.5%-14.à% 7.0%
9 |
  


 RECENT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS TAKEN IN AN
INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH 600 KVA, à0 KV/400 V
DISTRIBUTION TRANFORMER

Current waveform and its respective spectrum

at the inputs of a motor drive system

10 |
  


 Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the inputs of a motor drive system

11 |
  


 Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the secondary of the distribution transformer
( i.e. at the service entrance)

1à |
  


 DEFINITIONS

f (t) = Fourier Series of a periodic function f (t) =


±
 
 pp    



  
 i   
 pp      


 
   i      


 
   i           pp 



h = harmonic order

13 |
  


  €
p Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal voltage waveform




 
4
pp 



 p Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal current waveform



!
 
4
pp 

!

   p harmonic component of the voltage
!    p harmonic component of the current
" "
p RMS value of the voltage distortion
p
 

14 |
  


 ! p RMS value of the current distortion 
! p

—
! RMS value of a nonsinusoidal current =
  


!p
 


Ë RMS value of a nonsinusoidal voltage =

 " 


 p


 $ p #
 €& p % 4 4


 p #


  !  ' !
p 


 p Harmonic Factor =  

15 |
  


  $ p# p Full load kVA rating of the Drive system

ppp# Short Circuit kVA of the distribution system at

the point of connection

SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE NONSINUSOIDAL CURRENT

" " 

* p ! (
 )

"" ""
+ p ! (
  )
p(pppp p!  

  
    
ppppËpp ] ]  

16 |
  


 
 


±
] Ë 
! (
 Ë 
! (  


 ! (


, 

   mm  )

 

 !

pp pp4p pp 

NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND NONSINUSOIDAL CURRENT

 

Ë !   pp(ppp  
Ë !     

 
 

 
     p- 



.
]

.


p  

pp
pp

 
 

17 |
  



         p  


" "  ""  "" " " 

 ! ± ±

!
ö
!

ö± !
ö


ppppppö ±" "

!

p
 ö /pp 

""

p%1
12pp 001pp* 
!

/ p/1
12pp 001pp* 

/ ±"
"! 
ö ±" "  " " 
!
ö ! ±

18 |
  


 Ë
! p p    p- 

" "
!
p 213 p   p*  

Ë ! p1
  p001p - 

 p*  ö /  p12p 1
 p  $p* pö


ppppppppöp12p 1
 p/p  $p* 


6  p511 p p p101  p± 4 4 ' 5 ] 01

19 |
  


 Harmonic sequence                 
        

Positive sequence harmonics  ! "! # ! $$ %&#'  '  (

                    
       )      

Negative sequence harmonics  ! *! + $$$ %#'  '  (

                      
         )      

Zero sequence harmonics  ,! %! -! $ %,'  '     

  .            )         
 .        /   0     ! 1  (
  . (  0      !      )   
  2      ) 

à0 |
  


 EXAMPLE 1
V
V p


V
V p 


3
   !
   
(  .

   
( 
$     

|
 


  
 
   

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.( 
)24  ±
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±

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P, Q, D 

  
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±
ö
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7 4
 
à1 |
  


 
  
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7
±
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)  (  .        !           
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""
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 8

8
ƒ
displacement angle between the fundamental of
the voltage and the fundamental of the current
 4   

9

""
+ !
  8

 4    



àà |
  


 
±
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±
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±

ö

: 4
7
± 

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!
Ë !
 
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 p 0-p 1  mm ±

Ë!
 !
Displacement factor  



  ã ã

Distortion factor
!

 :
ã
! 7
    !

 
  




*%  ãã
 7
à3 |
  


 EXAMPLE à


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3
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à4 |
  


   
 
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:  ö   = 

à5 |
  


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7
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ö  ! 
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 4
:    7:    ö  4  4  :   

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:  ã 4
7

à6 |
  


 EXAMPLE 3


V
V p p
p

V
V p 

3
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(  .

   
( 
.( 
)2

$        ±
 


  
   
     


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)2

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45 ( 46 ( 4 

 
  
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(  
*4 ( + 4 ( 4   ( 2

V
 
$        ±
     

4    ±
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±

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             2    0  2   
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(  . 

à7 |
  


 

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)2
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 p
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"
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à8 |
  




 
 
  
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4 : 4

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7
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=

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4 : 4


: 4
7
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4 : 4

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7
±Ë 

à9 |
  


 
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7

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m
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± 4  4   
ö 4
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7
±  ö 


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7
45

30 |
  


 
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+ 


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m
4  m


± 4  4     ö  4
4     

7
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±: ]   : ]
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31 |
  


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3à |
  


 Voltage and current profiles in a
commercial building

33 |
  


 HARMONIC STANDARDS
X International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) European
Standards.


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)
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ï   | 
(  
  #-+"  #--*    )2
5 ï  
  0
  

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 ;ï (!
 
2 #! #  ï ï  
  ï  0
 ï ï( )2   ï ï #-+"
  ï)< ( ï
%#, ï '  ï   0


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  5
 ï


 ï ï. ïï ï   ï
ïï ï )  ï  2 ï ï 

ïï! 0

  
 ) .ï/  ï ï 
ïï . ï
 

34 |
  


 CLASS-A: : 

0



ï
0








5 



ï
ï

.


CLASS-B: ï)    ïï!      
. ï
ïï 
 ï  ï  ï2  
'
CLASS-C: =..
0

 
.
.
( 
CLASS-D: 0

(.






 
(



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3




2

  
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%?

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35 |
  


 @ IEEE 519-199à United States Standards on harmonic limits

 |  (    ï 

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ï (    ï ï ï ïï ï
. '
 ?  ï   ï
A
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ïï ) ï  (ï. (

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ï  2   (     |  #, 
    ï 
 0
 ï! |  
  ï 
 ï  ï   
 
.!  | ï   . ï (
 ï )  .)ï   ï  2

36 |
  


 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS ±
IEEE 519-199à STANDARDS
TABLE I
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(1à0-69000 V)
Isc/IL <11 11<h<17 17<h<à3 à3<h<35 35<h TDD
<à0* 4.0 à.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
à0<50 7.0 3.5 à.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 1à.0
100<1,000 1à.0 5.5 5.0 à.0 1.0 15.0
>1,000 15.0 7.0 6.0 à.5 1.4 à0.0
ï
 4


|

*#-#--

ï4 (
ï 


ï
*
 
ï

ï
ï

)ï(


ïï





 


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)
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ðï
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.

%

!


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ï 

 
)2


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ï




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!

ppppp 
0






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ï(





ï
ï  
ï 



*
 
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ï 
.ï
0



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(

ï


ïï!
.
ï

 


|C|=
?

| ƒ >5

ï




3
|= ƒ 3(.
>5


ï




0
 2

ïï

'
37 |
  


 TABLE II
LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND DISTORTION LIMITS
IEEE 519-199à STANDARTS

Special General Dedicated

Applications System System
Notch Depth 10% à0% 50%

THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%

Notch Area 16,400 àà,800 36,500

(AN)*

ï
 4 |  *#-#--

ï4  (
 3
ï ï  +Eï 2 ï
 )

 )2 EC + 
 ï  !  ï (ï. ïï  ï ;F' 
 ï       ï  ï  (ï.
|  )ï( )!    ï  
 ï 
ï 3   2  5 
(2   ï ï( ï
D| (ï ï ï   (ï. 


38 |
  


 TABLE III
LIMITS OF THD%
IEEE 519-199à STANDARDS

SYSTEM Special General Dedicated

Nominal Voltage Application Systems Systems
1à0-600V 3.0 5.0 8.0

69KV and below - 5.0 -

39 |
  


 TABLE IV
PROPOSED IEC 555-à CLASS D STANDARDS for power from 50 to 600W

Harmonic Relative limits Absolute Limits

Milliamps/Watt Amps
3 3.4 à.30
5 1.9 1.14
7 1.0 0.77
9 0.5 0.40
11 0.35 0.33
13 linear 0.15 (15/n)
extrapolation

40 |
  


 METHODOLOGY FOR
COMPUTING DISTORTION
Step 1: ï
  (

 ï ïï   
  )

.  ï  ï.  |> =|
G!
| !  ' ï )  ï( 
 ïï ï
ï ï
Step à: ï
  (ï. 
 ï ï   ï ï
ïï ï
. '    ï    
 ï 

 ï  2
   (
 ï
      
 ï
ï
 ï)
ï ï     )

  ï
     
 ï  ï

ï)
ï ï     )

  5
  ï
    ) ï
 )2
ï
.  ï
 ï   )    
2
)2    ï ï ï)     
 ï 
   ( )2  (2  ï ï ï) 
5
  ï


41 |
  


 Step 3: ïï  ) >E3  ) GE ï  2
  ïï .
0
ï  ï ï ï
 (
  ï
 
(ï. ï ïï    2 ï ï  
ï  2

Ib= Base current in Amps > r 4
(à4)

3
# r

Ë r (à5)
 = System impedance = pppp0
Ë 
MVAb= Base MVA, MVAsc= short circuit MVA at the point of interest

VH= Percent individual harmonic voltage distortion =

!
±
±;  4



 (à6)
!r

4à |
  


 

 



Ë 
 
! 
          (à7)
 €   4
   4

Ë
!

h = harmonic order

!
IH = Percent individual harmonic distortion = 4
(à8)
!4
Isc = Short Circuit current at the point under consideration.

IL = Estimated maximum demand load current

! > 
S.C. Ratio = Short circuit Ratio (à9)
!4 >

MVAD = Demand MVA

43 |
  


 K Factor = Factor useful for transformers design and
specifically from transformers that feed
Adjustable Speed Drives
 
 !


± 
4  mm (30)

 !4
ONCE THE SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO IS KNOWN, THE IEEE CURRENT
HARMONIC LIMITS CAN BE FOUND AS SPECIFIED IN TABLE I OF
THE IEEE 519-199à POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

USING THE ABOVE EQUATIONS VALUES OF IDIVINDUAL AND

TOTAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONIC DISTORTION CAN
BE COMPUTED AND COMPARED WITH THE IEEE LIMITS

44 |
  


 Step 4: |  2  ). ï ï |2 (   
ï  (ï. ï  3
ï
 ï ) ï

 3  ï    . ï 
 2

 ï  2 ï
 ) ()
 
ï  3 3
    ) 
  ïï 

AN = AN1 + ANà + ««««. V . microsec (31)

AN1 , ANà , «« are the notch areas contribution of the different busses

p 1
/
/ 5

p 1pö p
p p 1 p
p*ppp $

(3à)
ANDR1 : Notch area at the input of the drive

45 |
  


 Step 5: F
2

.

Step 6: ï
 ;F(  ;F .
    (


0
 2 ï    ï  2! ï   
|> =|
G ï | ï  ï.  )
 ï 
<


Step 7: 32/



 2


.

46 |
  


 EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM ONE LINE
DIAGRAM

47 |
  


 System impedances diagram which can be used to
calculate its resonance using PSPICE or SIMULINK
programs

48 |
  


 TYPES OF FILTERS
1) Parallel-passive filter for current-source nonlinear loads

@ Harmonic Sinc
@ Low Impedance
@ Cheapest
@ VA ratings = VT (Load Harmonic current + reactive current of the filter)

49 |
  


 à) Series-passive filter for voltage-source nonlinear loads

@ Harmonic dam
@ High-impedance
@ Cheapest
@ VA ratings = Load current (Fundamental drop across filter + Load Harmonic Voltage)

50 |
  


 3) Basic parallel-active filter for current source in nonlinear loads

51 |
  


 4) Basic series-active filter for voltage-source in nonlinear loads

5à |
  


 5) Parallel combination of parallel active and parallel passive

6) Series combination of series active and series passive

53 |
  


 7) Hybrid of series active and parallel passive

8) Hybrid of parallel active and series passive

54 |
  


 9) Series combination of parallel-passive and parallel-active

10) Parallel combination of series-passive and series-active

55 |
  


 11) Combined system of series-active and parallel-active

1à) Combined system of parallel-active and series-active

56 |
  


 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF AN INDUSTRIAL
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

57 |
  


 HARMONIC LIMITS EVALUATION WHEN
POWER-FACTOR-CORRECTION CAPASITORS
ARE USED

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ï 
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ï ï  ï )1!    ï  ï  + Eï )
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ï 2  ï 
)ï 

   
V




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  V
  



.

)ï(



ïï .
0
ï
ï4

58 |
  


  5 ?
# 44
 6

5 ?  
 1 ]
 m

! 5
? (33)
>  5  
@

# 44
]
 6
 6 ?
6 ?   
 1  m 

! 6
?  (34)
>  5  

= 


ï
ï

ï





 # 44 (35)
5   5 0 
# 



 # 44 (36)
6   6 0 
# 

59 |
  


 5  5
? ö 5  (37)

6  6
? ö 6  (38)



 # 10
6 (39)
# 5 10

(40)
 pp
6

(41)
6

6  6  (4à)
4  pp pp
 

60 |
  


 The impedance
looking into the system from the load, consists of the

parallel combination of source impedance 5 ö <6 and the
capacitor impedance  

 
±    i   ±] '  m

(43)
   i  ]
m


(44)
  i   ppp (  
m   

The equation for
 can be used to determine the equivalent system

impedance for different frequencies. The harmonic producing loads can
resonate (parallel resonance), the above equivalent circuit. Designating
the parallel resonant frequency by   (rad/sec) or   (HZ) and equating
the inductive and capacitive reactances.

61 |
  


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.  ï   
<
)  (  #H ï   ï
6à |
  


 EXAMPLE
=


5






ïï .
4
 >

(ï.
ƒ
GE==
 =ï
(ï.
ƒ

GE==
 2


ï


ï 
ƒ
*
>E3

6
ðï
2 

!







ï
ï
2
 
 
5

ï

4

1000 KVA, à0 KV-400 Y/à30 V

Rpu = 1%, Xpu = 7%

 

2
0
 2
4
2 ƒ
*
;I

 ðï
ï 
 ï
ï ï
 ï

ïï .


54
a. à00 KVAR
b. 400 KVAR
c. 600 KVAR
d. 800 KVAR
63 |
  


 

ï
0
 
ï
(2

ï

ï 
 ï
ï ï




ïï 4

 
? 

  1 ]

 
±     7
 Å
 
6 ?     1
]

±   
ã7= Å


 

 
?   7
    7 Å

6
? 
 ã7=     =
Å

 ±  
  
  
7 Å



 ±  
6    ã   

 Å


64 |
  


 V    =
 

  

ã=
Å


ã=

i    ã   
] 7 
  
Case a:

 ±  
V    : pÅ


]
m     =: 

    :


   
 
: 

  ã   
] 7    =: 
] 
For à00 KVAR, the harmonic order at which parallel resonance occurs is:

 
 
:  :  

65 |
  


 Case b:

 ±  
V     pÅ

m  ã  =7 
]  
   =
  

    :
Case c:

 ±  
6  7ã pÅ
7


 = 
]  %
 ã  =ã 

   ã7
66 |
  


 Case d:

 ±  
V     pÅ
:
m 
  = 
]  

    7  : 

   


It is clear for the above system that in the 600 KVAR case, there
exists a parallel resonant frequency   close to the 5th harmonic.

67 |
  


 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AND
HARMONIC TREATMENT
USING TUNED FILTERS

 : ï.
ï ï  
 ,J  ï )1 ï ï   ï

ï ï  ï 

X 



X (
ï


ï
. ï

68 |
  


  |
KLF L K 3EK|F ;3L>K
| >3M
|ð|3|K
? ;KK 3

F ðL 6
N O ð|; ;3L>K
|  "'
  0
 2   ï  
   "  ï  )ï

3   )  ï  )ï( .
 .  
ï ï  *
ï   ( >ïï(!   ï 
ï ï   ï
ï ïï
69 |
  


  .  0
( 
 ï  ï  )
ï 2
  
   ï  )ï

.

)ï(



ïï .
0
ï
ï4

70 |
  




   = Resonant frequency of the series filter (45)


 ±i   m 
4

   V   
±#Ë10 p  (46)
  ±    ±   
  ±    #Ë5 10

The new parallel combination is having resonant frequency when

 4  ö 4 ] (parallel resonance)



 = resonance frequency of the


 ±4  ö 4      equivalent distribution circuit
(47)

Also
5  ö < 4 
! !  (48)
5  ö < 4  ö 4  ]


71 |
  


 p±i  ]
' m
!  !   (49)
  pi    i  ]
m 

Ë  !   ±    i  (50)




±   i    i  ] m

   m



   i    i  ]
m



±    i 
   i  ] m
   m (51)



  p 
 i   i  ] m
 m

7à |
  


 As it was discussed before Selecting     
or 4.7 th harmonic
With KVcap= 0.4 , KVARcap= 600

 
 ± 
i   7:  
] 7   : A
   ±   7
The new parallel combination is having resonant frequency:


 
  ±i   i   m

with i   ã  
] 7  we have

i   :  
] 7 
m 

= 
]  


  
7ã 
7 

]7 ]
   ã7 


= 

 
7ã 
7 '    (without Lf was 4.76)

73 |
  


 The following table shows the variation of Parallel resonant frequency
With and without resonant inductor

Parallel Resonant f0
KVAR C(mF) Without Lf With Lf
à00 3.98 8.80 115.3ȝH 4.08

400 7.96 6.àà 57.7ȝH 3.66

600 11.94 5.08 38.45ȝH 3.43
800 15.9à 4.40 à9.5ȝH 3.08

74 |
  


 SIMULATED RESULTS USING
MATLAB/SIMULINK





   0 
4

 % * - . / *   

   
    #  ' $


!   " #   $

 ! "
4

 * *    +
  ,  *  *    +
  , 

!   " #    $

          

4


          

4
  

          
 
   

 

 


 
  

               &  

    #  ' $

     

     
     
)  
      
!   " #   $%
!   " #   $
!   " #   $

!   " #    $
          

 

          

    #  ' $(     #  ' $

)         (
)        

                       
)         
)         %
)         & )         

    #  ' $&     #  ' $

!   " #   $ !   " #   $



          

    #  ' $

)         

)                     

)        

    #  ' $

!   " #   $

75 |
  


 SIMULINK RESULTS

76 |
  


 SIMULINK RESULTS

77 |
  


 ACTIVE FILTERING

Parallel type Series type

78 |
  


 RESULTS OF ACTIVE FILTERING
*
,
#* *

* 
|

P
|#Q
P3Q #*
*
#
#*
*

* 
 * # #*  * , ,*   * ## # #  ,
 
P Q   

Input current of a 6-pulse Rectifier driving a DC machine without any input filtering
*
,*
,
*
 
P3Q

*

P |#Q

#*
#
|

*
*
* 
 #  ,   * ## # #  ,

PQ   
Input current with Active Filtering

79 |
  


 





P Q

P
Q


 

  
        
 
P Q    
Typical 6-pulse drive voltage waveform






P Q

P
Q


 

  
        
 
P Q    

Voltage source improvement with active filtering

80 |
  


 SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS
:2 .    (    ï ï ï ï  
<   ï
 ïï    
   ï
 ï  ï  3 2

0
(


81 |
  


 ADVANTAGES OF THE SHUNT OR PARALLEL
ACTIVE FILTER

X =ï ï ï
X Fï ï    ï   ï ï) 
2 ï.
X 
2 
  =! ï ï    ï ïï ï
  (  2
X  ïï 

X   ï ï.ï   )
ï  ï ) 
 ï )
ï 
X 2 ï ï     
) ï  (  ï
  ï ï
 ( . ï  0

X 2 ï ï  5( ïï   .
X 2 ï ) 
X ï( 
2 ï ) ï ï

8à |
  


 WAVEFORMS OF THE PARALLEL ACTIVE
FILTER

Source voltage

Load current

Source current

A. F. output current

83 |
  


 PARALLEL ACTIVE FILTER EQUATIONS
!   B! 4 (5à)

B
   


i Ë

!
  ! i  (53)

i
i






] 
] 

i

] 
Ë
(54)
!i   ! i  




i
] 



i

] 
] 

i
|

 (55)

]  


)ï(
0
ï
) ï

! m  ! i (56)
Ë

!

±
]  ! i  ±
] 
(57)

i
84 |
  


 ! 4 !4  ö 
(58)
;4
Equation (55) is the required condition for the parallel A.F. to cancel
the load harmonic current. Only G can be predesign by the A.F. while
Zs and ZL are determined by the system.
For pure current source type of harmonic source
i

and consequently equations (53) and (55) become
!
(59)
 ±
] 
! i

p p
]   pp
(60)

; = Source impedance
! i = Is the equivalent harmonic current source

; i = Equivalent load impedance

 = equivalent transfer function of the active filter

Equation (59) shows that the compensation characteristics of the A.F. are not
influenced by the source impedance, Zs. This is a major advantage of the A.F.
with respect to the passive ones.
85 |
  


 Ë m

@  F )
 ï (ï.! Ë m ! 
 ) .  ï 0
 ï  (ï.
1  ï ï  (2 ïï m 
@   ï ï    
  ï   (   ) ï 
ïï ï 1.  ï


  ï  ( ï   
 ï ) ) ï  1   ï
 

@  0
  ï (
    )2  5
  ) (ï.
 3 .ïï  .
 ï  4 Ö

 m ] )

1C i m  3ï 4%  
m )4
D $ m
1C
1C

ƒ
1


(ï.
ƒ
F
(ï.
ï

F
)

ï

(
ƒ
=



ƒ
5

 )
(ï.
!
ƒ



ï

(

86 |
  


 P-Q THEORY

ðï 2.  ï
  .  ï ï ï
.

ï
  (   ( ï  

ïï ï   (ï. $  p( $ $  $ „   
 ï
 4$ p( 4  4„ ï R ïï.ï ïï

$ 

$@  

]
'  ]
'    
$  p p  p $ $ 
E  ' ]  ' 
 $ „ 

4 

4@  

]
'  ]
'    
  p p  p  4$
 
4E  ' ]  ' 
 4„ 

87 |
  


   ï. ï 0  F ï2!  ï
  ï  0 4  
ï
 .2  (' ï  F 4  


0 i 
$
$ í 
i

 F  p ] $ $
 i í 
 p
i í



Ö
0i  0i  0i  0i  DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.

Ö DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.

F i  Fi  F i  Fi 

88 |
  


  ï(ï  ( ï   ïï. ï 0 i !  ï(ï  (
ï  ï F i   .( 0
  ï    ïï ï 0 i  F i 

 ï ï   ï.
 <  )2 


  ( ïï!  ! $  „ .( )24

 

 ]

     
$@ $E 
0 
 $  p p ]
'  pppp  '  p 
$ @   
    $E
    ]
'  ]  '   F 
„ 

0  ƒ
|ï


ï 
ï

F  ƒ
|ï

 (
ï 
ï

89 |
  


 Substituting

0 "
04 
 "  Current Harmonics compensation is achieved
F F4

0 "
04 
Ö   Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
F F4 ö "
F4
Components of reactive power compensation

Ö
0 0 4 ö "0 4  Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
Ö "  Components of active and reactive power compensation
F F4 ö F4

90 |
  


 HARMONIC DETECTION METHODS

i) Load current detection iAF= iLh

It is suitable for shunt active filters which are installed near
one or more non-linear loads.

ii) Supply current detection iAF= KS iSh

Is the most basic harmonic detection method for series
active filters acting as a voltage source vAF.

iii) Voltage detection

It is suitable for shunt active filters which are used as
Unified Power Quality Conditioners. This type of Active
Filter is installed in primary power distribution systems. The
Unified Power Quality Conditioner consists of a series and a
shunt active filter.

91 |
  


 SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER CONTROL

a) Shunt active filter control based on voltage detection

9à |
  


 Using this technique the three-phase voltages, which are detected at the point of
installation, are transformed to $  and $ F on the dq coordinates. Then two first
order high-pass filters of 5HZ in order to extract the ac components "
$  and "$F
from $  and $ F . Next the ac components are applied to the inverse dq
transformation circuit, so that the control circuit to provide the three-phase
harmonic voltages at the point of installation. Finally, amplifying each harmonic
voltage by a gain Kv produces each phase current reference.

  G Ë  $ 

The active filter behaves like a resistor 1/KV ohms to the external circuit for
harmonic frequencies without altering the fundamental components. 
The current control circuit compares the reference current O% with the actual
current of the active filter O% and amplifies the error by a gain KI . Each phase
voltage detected at the point of installation, v is added to each magnified error
signal, thus constituting a feed forward compensation in order to improve current
controllability. As a result, the current controller yields three-phase voltage
references. Then, each reference voltage $  is compared with a high frequency
triangular waveform to generate the gate signals for the power semiconductor
devices.

93 |
  


 b) Reference current calculation scheme using source currents (is),
load currents (iL) and voltages at the point of installation (vS).

94 |
  


 3-ij HYBRID ACTIVE-PASSIVE FILTER

Compensation of current harmonics and displacement power

factor can be achieved simultaneously.

95 |
  


 In the current harmonic compensation mode, the active filter improves the
filtering characteristic of the passive filter by imposing a voltage harmonic
waveform at its terminals with an amplitude
 ! 

96 |
  


 If the AC mains voltage is pure sinusoidal, then

 ;%

!  ;%
 ! 4 ö ; % ö ;
mm
 
! 4 ö ; % ö ; 
!

@ THDi decreases if K increases.

@ The larger the voltage harmonics generated by the active filter a better filter
compensation is obtained.
@ A high value of the quality factor defines a large band width of the passive
filter, improving the compensation characteristics of the hybrid topology.
@ A low value of the quality factor and/or a large value in the tuned factor
increases the required voltage generated by the active filter necessary to
keep the same compensation effectiveness, which increases the active
filter rated power.

97 |
  


 Displacement power factor correction is achieved by controlling the voltage
drop across the passive filter capacitor.

 E 

Displacement power factor control can be achieved since at fundamental

frequency the passive filter equivalent impedance is capacitive.

98 |
  


 HYBRID ACTIVE-PASSIVE FILTER

Single-phase equivalent circuit Single-phase equivalent circuit

for 5th Harmonic

99 |
  


 This active filter detects the 5th harmonic current component that flows
into the passive filter and amplifies it by a gain K in order to determine its
voltage reference which is given by

$ O%  %
As a result, the active filter acts as a pure resistor of K ohms for the 5th
harmonic voltage and current. The impedance of the hybrid filter at the 5th
harmonic frequency, Z5 is given by

; < 4 % ö ö  ö l
<  %

Gp The active filter presents a negative resistance to the external

Circuit, thus improving the Q of the filter.

l ] % H  p( !  
 i 

100 |
  


 CONTROL CIRCUIT

The control circuit consists of two parts; a circuit for extracting the
5th current harmonic component from the passive filter iF and a circuit
that adjusts automatically the gain K. The reference voltage for the
active filter 
$ O% l  %

HARMONIC-EXTRACTING CIRCUIT
The extracting circuit detects the three-phase currents that flow into
the passive filter using the AC current transformers and then the Į-ȕ
coordinates are transformed to those on the d-g coordinates by
using a unit vector (cos5Ȧt, sin5Ȧt) with a rotating frequency of
five times as high as the line frequency.

101 |
  


 SERIES ACTIVE FILTERS

:2 .   3 ( ð )   3 ï
    ï
  ï ï
   5.   ï   ï
 
 ï
) ï 
ï   0
  ) ï    ï ï
ïï )2 ïï.  ï

 (ï. ï    ( 

0
(



10à |
  


     (  5) .   ï ï

 ï0
2 )ï 1 ï
 ï ï  ï ï 
ï
 

pI0p$2 13p ppO% lB! (61)



i !i
!  (6à)


i  lB

i  lB

B = Equivalent transfer function of the detection circuit of

harmonic current, including delay time of the control
circuit.

B
 pppp ( B  
(63)

103 |
  


 l = A gain in pu ohms

The voltage distortion of the input AC source  is much smaller

than the current distortion.

If l

i  and G


i  (64)

Then

Ëm 
i ! i  Ë
 (65)

!
(66)

104 |
  


 HYBRID SERIES AND SHUNT
ACTIVE FILTER

At the Point of Common Coupling provides:

@ Harmonic current isolation between the sub transmission and the

distribution system (shunt A.F)
@ Voltage regulation (series A.F)
@ Voltage flicker/imbalance compensation (series A.F)

105 |
  


 SELECTION OF AF¶ S FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
AF Configuration with higher number of * is more preferred
Compensation for Active Filters
Specific Application
Active Active Hybrid of Hybrid of
Series Shunt Active Series Active Shunt
and Passive and Active
Shunt Series
Current Harmonics ** *** *
Reactive Power *** ** *
Load Balancing *
Neutral Current ** *
Voltage Harmonics *** ** *
Voltage Regulation *** * ** *
Voltage Balancing *** ** *
Voltage Flicker ** *** *
Voltage Sag&Dips *** * ** *

106 |
  


 CONCLUSIONS
X Solid State Power Control results in harmonic pollution above the tolerable limits.
X Harmonic Pollution increases industrial plant downtimes and power losses.
X Harmonic measurements should be made in industrial power systems in order (a) aid
in the design of capacitor or filter banks, (b) verify the design and installation of
capacitor or filter banks, (c) verify compliance with utility harmonic distortion
requirements, and (d) investigate suspected harmonic problems.
X Computer software programs such as PSPICE and SIMULINK can be used in order to
obtain the harmonic behavior of an industrial power plant.
X The series LC passive filter with resonance frequency at 4.7 is the most popular filter.
X The disadvantages of the the tuned LC filter is its dynamic response because it cannot
predict the load requirements.
X The most popular Active Filter is the parallel or shunt type.
X Active Filter technology is slowly used in industrial plants with passive filters as a
hybrid filter. These filters can be used locally at the inputs of different nonlinear loads.
X Active Filter Technology is well developed and many manufactures are fabricating
Active filters with large capacities.
X A large number of Active Filters configurations are available to compensate harmonic
current, reactive power, neutral current, unbalance current, and harmonics.
X The active filters can predict the load requirements and consequently they exhibit very
good dynamic response.
X LC tuned filters can be used at PCC and the same time active filters can be used
locally at the input of nonlinear loads.

107 |
  


 REFERENCES
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON HARMONIC TREATMENT
[1] IEEE Std. 519-199à, ǯǯIEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systemsǯǯ,
1993.
[à] IEC Sub-Committee 77B report, ǯǯCompatibility Levels in Industrial
Plants for Low Frequency Conducted Disturbancesǯǯ, 1990.
[3] IEC Sub-Committee 77A report, ǯǯDisturbances Caused by
Equipment Connected to the Public Low-Voltage Supply System
Part à : Harmonics ǯǯ, 1990 (Revised Draft of IEC 555-à).
[4] UK Engineering Recommendation G.5/3: ǯǯLimits for Harmonics in
the UK Electricity Supply Systemǯǯ, 1976.
[5] CIRGE WG 36.05 Report, ǯǯEquipment producing harmonics and
Conditions Governing their Connection to the Mains power
Supplyǯǯ, Electra, No. 1à3, March 1989, pp. à0-37.
[6] Australian Standards AS-àà79.1-1991, ǯǯDisturbances in mains
Supply Networks-Part à: Limitation of Harmonics Caused by
Industrial Equipmentǯǯ, 1991.

108 |
  


 DEFINITIONS
[7] J. Arriilaga, D.A. Bradley, and P.S. Bodger, ǯǯPower System
Harmonicsǯǯ,New York: Wiley, 1985.
[8] N. Shepherd and P. Zand, ǯǯEnergy flow and power factor in
nonsinusoidal circuitsǯǯ, Cambridge University Press, 1979.

EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
[9] J.M. Bowyer, ǯǯThree-Part Harmony: System Interactions Leading
to a Divergent Resonant Systemǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1995, pp. 1341-1349.
[10] R.D. Hondenson and P.J. Rose, ǯǯHarmonics: the Effects on power
Quality and Transformersǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,
Vol. 30, No.3, May/June 1994, pp. 5à8-53à.
[11] J.S. Subjak and J. S. McQuilkin, ǯǯHarmonics-Causes, effects,
Measurements and Analysis: An Updateǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. à6, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1990, pp. 103-104à.
[1à] P.Y. Keskar, ǯǯSpecification of Variable Frequency Drive Systems
to Meet the New IEEE 51 Standardǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol.3à, No.à, March/April 1996, pp. 393-40à.
109 |
  


 [13] T.S. Key, ǯǯCost and Benefits of Harmonic Current Reduction for
Switch-Mode Power Supplies in a Commercial Buildingǯǯ, IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 3à, No. 5,
September/October 1996, pp. 1017-10à5.

PASSIVE HARMONIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

[14] M.F. McGranaghan and D.R. Mueller, ǯǯDesigning Harmonic
Filters for Adjustable-Speed Drives to comply with IEEE-519
Harmonic limitsǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35,
No à, March/April 1999, pp. 31à-18.
[15] F.Z. Peng, ǯǯHarmonic Sources and filtering Approachesǯǯ, IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, July/August à001, pp. 18-à5.
[16] J.K. Phipps, ǯǯA transfer Function Approach to Harmonic Filter
Designǯǯ, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine March/April 1997.
[17] S.M. Peeran, ǯǯApplication, Design, and Specification of Harmonic
Filters for Variable frequency Drivesǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August 1995, pp. 841-847.

110 |
  


 [18] J. Lai and T.S. Key, ǯǯEffectiveness of Harmonic Mitigation
Equipment for Commercial Office Buildingsǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 4, July/August 1997, pp.
1104-1110.
[19] D.E. Rice,ǯǯA Detailed Analysis of Six-Pulse Converter harmonic
Currentsǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30, No. à,
March/April 1994, pp. à94-304.
[à0] R.L. Almonte and Ashley, ǯǯHarmonics at the Utility Industrial
Interface: A Real World Exampleǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 6, November/December 1995, pp.
1419-14à6.
[à1] K. A. Puskarich, W.E. Reid and P. S. Hamer, ǯǯHarmonic
Experiments with a large load-Commutated inverter driveǯǯ,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan/Feb.
à001, pp. 1à9-136.
[àà] L.S. Czarnecki and O. T. Tan, ǯǯEvaluation and Reduction of
Harmonic Distortion Caused by Solid State Voltage Controller of
Induction Motorsǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9,
No. 3, Sept. 1994, pp. 5à8-4à1.

111 |
  


 [à3] R.G. Ellis, ǯǯHarmonic Analysis of Industrial power Systemsǯǯ,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 3à, No. à, March/April
1996, pp. 417-4à1.
[à4] D. Adrews et al, ǯǯ Harmonic Measurements, Analysis and Power
factor Correction in a Modern Steel Manufacturing Facilityǯǯ,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 3à, No. 3, May/June
196, pp. 617-6à4.
[à5] D. Shipp and W. S. Vilcheck, ǯǯPower Quality and Line
Considerations for Variable Speed AC Driversǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol.3à, No.à, March/April 1996, pp. 403-
410.
[à6] J. A Bonner et al, ǯǯSelecting ratings for Capacitors and Reactors
In Applications Involving Multiple Single-Tuned Filtersǯǯ, IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 547-555.
[à7] E. J. Currence, J.E Plizga, and H. N. Nelson, ǯǯHarmonic
Resonance at a medium-sized Industrial Plantǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August 1995, pp. 68à-
690.

11à |
  


 [à8] G. Lemieux, ǯǯPower system harmonic resonance. A document
caseǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. à6, No. 3, pp.
483-487, May/June 1990.
[à9] D. D. Shipp, ǯǯHarmonic Analysis and Suppression for electrical
systemsǯǯ, ǿEEE Trans. on Industry Applications Vol. 15, No. 5,
Sept./Oct. 1979.

ACTIVE HARMONIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

[30] H. Akagi, ǯǯNew trends in active filters for Power conditioningǯǯ,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 3à, Nov/Dec. 1996, pp.
131à-13àà.
[31] Bhim Singh et al, ǯǯA Review of Active Filters for Power Quality
Improvementǯǯ, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, No.
5, Oct. 1999, pp. 960-971.
[3à] F. Z. Peng, ǯǯApplication Issues of Active Power Filtersǯǯ, IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, Sep./Oct. 1998, pp. àà-30.
[33] S. Bhattacharga et al, ǯǯActive Filter Systems Implementationǯǯ,
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Sep./Oct. 1998, pp. 47-63.

113 |
  


 [34] S. Bhattacharya et al, ǯǯHybrid Solutions for improving Passive
Filter Performance in high power Applicationsǯǯ, IEEE, Trans.
on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 3, May/June 1997, pp.
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