ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Logic
Course name: andmeasurement
Electrical Computer Design
& instrumentation
Course code: ECEg4155 Fundamentals
Chapter
Course instructor: Fekadu G.
1 – Digital
ContactComputers
information: and Information
Email: fekianew@gmail.com

Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski

© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
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OUT LINE

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 Introduction to ADC
 Conversion Process

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 Examples of ADC applications

 Types of ADC

 DAC

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 INTRODUCTION TO ADC
SIGNAL TYPES

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Analog Signals
 Any continuous signal that
a time varying variable of

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the signal is a
representation of some
other time varying
quantity
 Measures one quantity in
terms of some other t
quantity
 Examples
 Speedometer needle as
function of speed
 Radio volume as function of 3
knob movement
 SIGNAL TYPES

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Digital Signals
 Consist of only two states

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 Binary States
 On and off
1
 Computers can only
perform processing on
digitized signals
0

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ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)

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 An electronic integrated circuit which converts a
signal from analog (continuous) to digital
(discrete) form

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 Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling

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t
 ADC CONVERSION PROCESS

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Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding

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2. Quantization and Encoding

Analog-to-Digital Converter

Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog t
Signal 6
 ADC PROCESS
Sampling & Hold

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 Measuring analog signals at
uniform time intervals

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 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

 Digital system works with

discrete states
 Taking samples from each
location t

 Reflects sampled and hold

signal
 Digital approximation 7
 ADC PROCESS
Sampling & Hold

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 Measuring analog signals at
uniform time intervals

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 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

 Digital system works with

discrete states
 Taking samples from each
location t

 Reflects sampled and hold

signal
 Digital approximation 8
ADC PROCESS
Quantizing Encoding

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 Separating the input  Assigning a unique
signal into a discrete digital code to each state

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states with K increments for input into the
 K=2N microprocessor
 N is the number of bits of
the ADC
 Analog quantization size
 Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
 Q is the Resolution

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 ADC PROCESS
Quantization & Coding

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 Use original analog signal

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 Apply 2 bit coding 1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0 K=22 00
01
10
11

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 ADC PROCESS
Quantization & Coding

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 Use original analog signal

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 Apply 3 bit coding

K=23 000
001
010
011
100
101 11
110
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ADC PROCESS-ACCURACY
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

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t t
Sampling Rate, Ts Resolution (bit depth), Q
 Based on number of steps  Improves accuracy in
required in the conversion measuring amplitude of
process analog signal
 Increases the maximum 12
frequency that can be
measured
ADC-ERROR POSSIBILITIES

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 Aliasing (sampling)
 Occurs when the input signal is changing much
faster than the sample rate

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 Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
 Answers question of what sample rate is required
 Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the

maximum frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing

 fsample>2*fsignal

 Quantization Error (resolution)

 Optimize resolution
 Dependent on ADC converter of microcontoller

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ADC APPLICATIONS

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 ADC are used virtually everywhere where an
analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form

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 Microphones
 Strain Gages
 Thermocouple
 Digital Multimeters

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TYPES OF ADC

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 Successive Approximation A/D Converter
 Flash A/D Converter

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 Dual Slope A/D Converter

 Delta-Sigma A/D Converter

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SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

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 Elements
• DAC = Digital to Analog Converter

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• EOC = End of Conversion
• SAR = Successive Approximation Register
• S/H = Sample and Hold Circuit
• Vin = Input Voltage
• Comparator
• Vref = Reference Voltage

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SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

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Advantages Disadvantages
 Capable of high speed and

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 Higher resolution
reliable
successive approximation
 Medium accuracy compared to
other ADC types ADC’s will be slower
 Good tradeoff between speed  Speed limited to ~5Msps
and cost
 Capable of outputting the
binary number in serial (one
bit at a time) format.
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FLASH ADC

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 Also known as parallel ADC
 Elements

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• Encoder – Converts output of
comparators to binary
• Comparators

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FLASH ADC

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Advantages Disadvantages
 Simplest in terms of

operational theory
 Most efficient in terms
of speed, very fast
 limited only in terms of
comparator and gate
propagation delays
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 Lower resolution
 Expensive
 For each additional
output bit, the number
of comparators is
doubled
 i.e. for 8 bits, 256
comparators needed

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DUAL SLOPE A/D CONVERTER
 Also known as an Integrating ADC

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+
_

Control
Logic
Start Stop
Clock Counter 20
DUAL SLOPE A/D CONVERTER

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Advantages Disadvantages
 Input signal is  Slow

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averaged  High precision
 Greater noise external components
immunity than other required to achieve
ADC types accuracy
 High accuracy

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DELTA-SIGMA A/D CONVERTER

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Analog Delta-Sigma Low-Pass Digital
Input Modulator Filter Outpu

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t

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DELTA-SIGMA ADC – HOW IT WORKS
 Input over sampled, goes to integrator

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 Integration compared with ground

 Iteration drives integration of error to zero

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 Output is a stream of serial bits

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DELTA-SIGMA A/D CONVERTER

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Advantages Disadvantages

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 High resolution  Slowdue to
oversampling
 Noprecision external
components needed

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COMPARISON OF ADC’S

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Speed Cost Resolution
Type
(relative) (relative) (bits)

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Dual Slope Slow Med 12-16
Flash Very Fast High 4-12
Successive Medium –
Low 8-16
Approx Fast
Sigma –
Slow Low 12-24
Delta
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DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

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 Digital to Analog conversion involves
transforming the computer’s binary output in 0’s
and 1’s (1’s typically = 5.0 volts) into an analog

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representation of the binary data
 When data is in binary form, the 0's and 1's may
be of several forms such as the TTL form where
the logic zero may be a value up to 0.8 volts and
the 1 may be a voltage from 2 to 5 volts.
 The data can be converted to clean digital form
using gates which are designed to be on or off
depending on the value of the incoming signal.

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DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

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 Data in clean binary digital form can be
converted to an analog form by using a summing
amplifier.

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 For example, a simple 4-bit D/A converter can be
made with a four-input summing amplifier.

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DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

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2 Basic Approaches

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 WeightedSumming Amplifier
 R-2R Network Approach

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WEIGHTED SUM DAC
 One way to achieve D/A conversion is to use a
summing amplifier.

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 Consider the following 8-bit DAC

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WEIGHTED SUM DAC
 E.g: consider the following 4-bit WSDAC

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WEIGHTED SUM DAC

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 This approach is not satisfactory for a large
number of bits because it requires too much
precision in the summing resistors.

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 This problem is overcome in the R-2R network
DAC.

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R-2R LADDER DAC

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R-2R LADDER DAC

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R-2R LADDER DAC
 The summing amplifier with the R-2R ladder

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of resistances shown produces the output
where the D's take the value 0 or 1.

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 The digital inputs could be TTL voltages
which close the switches on a logical 1 and
leave it grounded for a logical 0.
 This is illustrated for 4 bits, but can be
extended to any number with just the
resistance values R and 2R.

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