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HK- 1(z) vK-1 [n] vK-1 ’[n] FK-1 (z)
2π
- typical frequency responses (overlapping, marginally overlapping,
non-overlapping)
H1 H2 H3 H4
K=4
H1(z) 2π
H1 H2 H3 H4
IN H2(z)
H3(z) 2π
H1 H2 H3 H4
H4(z)
2π
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 6
Filter Banks and Subband Processing [3/6]
Step-2: Decimators (down-samplers)
- subband sampling rate reduction by factor N
- critically decimated filter banks (= maximally down-sampled filter banks):
N = K (where, K = number filters/subbands)
this sounds like maximum efficiency, but aliasing problem arises!
- over-sampled filter banks (= non-critically down-sampled filter banks):
N<K
K=4 N=3
H1(z) 3
IN H2(z) 3
H3(z) 3
H4(z) 3
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 7
Filter Banks and Subband Processing [4/6]
Step-3: Subband processing
- Example :
coding (=compression) + (transmission or storage) + decoding
- Filter bank design mostly assumes subband processing has `unit
transfer function’ (output signals = input signals), i.e. mostly ignores
presence of subband processing
K=4 N=3
H1(z) 3 subband processing
G2(z) OUT
2π
+ G1 G2 G3 G4
G3(z)
G4(z) 2π
1. Speech coding
coding
2. Image compression
3. Adaptive equalization
4. Echo cancellation adaptive filtering
5. Adaptive beamforming
6. Transmultiplexers (TDM)
7. Code division multiple access (CDMA)
= difficult problem !
* long acoustic impulse responses
* time-varying
August 2004
H4(z) 3 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2)
+ 3 G4(z)
17
General advantages of subband decomposition techniques
1 1
Y ( z ) = .{H 0 ( z ).G0 ( z ) + H1 ( z )G1 ( z )}.U ( z ) + .{H 0 (− z ).G0 ( z ) + H1 (− z )G1 ( z )}.U (− z )
2
2
T ( z) A( z )
• U(-z) represents aliased signals, hence the `alias transfer function’ A(z)
should ideally be zero
• T(z) is referred to as `distortion function’ (amplitude & phase distortion).
For perfect reconstruction, T(z) should ideally be a pure delay
G0(z) y[k]
u[k] H0(z) 2 2
+
H1(z) 2 2 G1(z)
−δ
ii) T ( z ) = z
• PS: if A(z)=0, then Y(z) = T(z).U(z), hence the complete filter bank behaves as a
linear time invariant (LTI) system (despite up- & down-sampling)!
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 23
Perfect Reconstruction: K = 2 subbands case
G0(z) y[k]
u[k] H0(z) 2 2
+
H1(z) 2 2 G1(z)
G0(z) y[k]
u[k] H0(z) 2 2
+
H1(z) 2 2 G1(z)
π 2 π
• hence if H0 (=G0) is designed to be a good lowpass filter, then H1 (=-G1)
is a good high-pass filter.
1 M −1 1 M −1 M −1
Y ( z) = .{ ∑ H k ( z ).Gk ( z )}.U ( z ) + .∑{∑ H k ( z.W l ).Gk ( z )}.U ( z.W l )
M
k =0
M l =1 k =
0
T ( z) A ( z)
l
• 2nd term represents aliased signals, hence all `alias transfer functions’ Al(z)
should ideally be zero (for all l )
• T(z) is referred to as `distortion function’ (amplitude & phase distortion). For
perfect reconstruction, T(z) should ideally be a pure delay
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 26
Multirate DSP
•Digital Filter Banks
•Filter Banks and Subband Processing
•Applications and Advantages
•Perfect Reconstruction FB
•2-band Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
•K-band Filter Bank Case
: : : : : :
H N −1 ( z ) W 0 W −( N −1) W −2 ( N −1) ... W −( N −1) z − N +1.E ( z N )
2
N −1
E2 ( z 4 ) H 2 ( z)
∆
H 3 ( z)
E3 ( z 4 )
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 30
Uniform DFT-Modulated Filter Banks
• Uniform DFT-modulated analysis FB + decimation (K=N)
u[k]
E0 ( z 4 ) 4
∆
*
F
E1 ( z 4 ) 4
∆
∆
E2 ( z 4 ) 4
E3 ( z 4 ) 4
= u[k]
4 E0 ( z )
∆
4 *
F
E1 ( z )
∆
4 E2 ( z )
∆
4 E3 ( z )
u0 [ k ] G0 ( z )
u1[ k ] G1 ( z ) +
u2 [k ] G2 ( z ) +
u3 [ k ] G3 ( z ) + y[k]
N −1 N −1
G0 ( z ) = ∑ z .Rl ( z )
−l N
Gk ( z ) = ... = ∑ z −l .W k ( N −1−l ) .Rl ( z N )
l =0 l =0
F
u1[k ] R2 ( z 4 ) +
∆
u2 [k ] R1 ( z 4 ) +
∆
u3 [ k ] R0 ( z 4 ) + y[k]
August 2004 Multirate DSP (Part 2/2) 33
Uniform DFT-Modulated Filter Banks
• Expansion (K=N) + uniform DFT-modulated synthesis FB:
u0 [ k ] 4 R3 ( z 4 )
∆
+
F
R2 ( z 4 )
u1[k ] 4 ∆
u2 [k ] 4 R1 ( z 4 ) +
∆
u3 [ k ] 4 R0 ( z 4 ) +
y[k]
u0 [k ] R3 ( z ) 4 ∆
4 +
F
R2 ( z )
=
u1[k ]
∆
u2 [k ] R1 ( z ) 4 +
∆
u3 [ k ] R0 ( z ) 4 +
y[k]