EUBACTERIA

AND
ARCHAEBACTERIA
CLASS X
GROUPED BACTERIA INTO 2 KINGDOM
I. EUBACTERIA
II. ARCAHEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
A. CHARACTERISTIC OF EUBACTERIA

 Prokaryotes: no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

 Microscopic
 Surrounded by protective cell wall containing peptidoglycan
(protein-carbohydrate)
 Have capsid: small rings of DNA
 Most are unicellular
 Found in most habitat
 Move by flagella, gliding over slime they secrete
 Some can form protective endospore around the DNA when
condition become unfavorable
 Have form: basil, coccus, spirilium,
B. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
STRUCTURE
 Cell wall: protect the cell and gives shape
 Cell membrane: regulated movement of material into and out of
the cell, contains enzyme important to cellular respiration
 Cytoplasm: contains DNA, ribosome, and organic compound
required to carry out life processes
 Pilli : assist the cell in attaching to other surface, which is
important for genetic recombination
 Flagellum : moves the cell
 Chromosome: carries genetic information inherited from past
generations
 Endospore: protect the cell against harsh environment conditions
Kinds of form bacteria
C. Many form of bacteria
A. cell bacteria only one called mono (coccus, bacill, spirilia)
ex: Chlamydia trachomatis, Echerichia coli
B. cell bacteria can occur in pairs are called diplo (bacilli or
cocci)
Ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C. Cell bacteria occurring in chains are called strepto (baccilli
or cocci)
Ex: Steptococcus mutans, Bacillus antracis
D. Cell bacteria in grapelike clusters are staphylococci
Ex: Staphylococcus aurens
Flagellum
Use bacteria to move
A. Monotric: bacteria have one flagelum

ex: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

B. Lofotric: bacteria have one flagellum in one side

Ex: Pseudomonas fluorescens

C. Amfitric: bacteria have two or more flagella in two side

Ex: Spirillum serpens

D. Peritric : bacteria have many flagella in their surface

Ex: Salmonella typhi

D. THERE ARE MANY EUBACTERIA

A. Classified base on by method of nutrition

1. Autotroph
can make their food by change organic material from an organic material
a. Photoautotroph: using light to make their food
Ex: Rhodobacter sp
b. Chemoautotrophs: obtain food by oxidizing inorganic substance like sulfur, instead
of using sunlight
Ex: Nitrosomonas sp, Nitrobacter sp
2. Heterotroph :to fall organic material from other organism
a. Saprophyte : have their food by decomposer of dead organism so recycle nutrients
Ex: Lactobacillus bulgaricus
b. Parasite : feed on a host cell.
Ex: Clostridium tetani
Salmonella typhi
B. Base on need some oxygen
1. B. aerobe : can live if in oxygen environment
Ex: Thiobacillus sp
2. B. anaerob:can live in oxygen environment or not
a. Anaerobe obligate: can’t live in oxygen environment
Ex: Clostridium sp
b. Anaerobe facultative: can live with or without
oxygen environment
Ex: Salmonella sp
3. Base on chemical structure of cell membrane
a. gram-positive bacteria
-cell membrane contain from most peptidoglycan and teicoat acid
- more easy to against penicillin antibiotic, but resistant with
physic damage
Ex: Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus
b. Gram-negative bacteria
-cell membrane contains 2 layer out layer lipopolysacarida and
protein, in layer peptidoglycan
- Resistant with penicillin antibiotic, but more easy to against
physic damage.
Ex: Salmonella, Escherichia, Azotobacter
chemical structure of bacteria cell membrane
gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
E. REPRODUCTION
 Most bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission
(chromosome replicates and the cell divides)
 Bacteria replicate (double in numbers) every 20
minute under ideal conditions
 Bacteria contain much less DNA than eukaryotes
 Bacteria plasmids are used in genetic engineering
to carry new genes into other organism
 Bacteria recombine genetic material in 3 ways
a.conjugation
 Sexual reproductive method
 Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or tube
between them
 Pilli hold the bacteria together
 DNA is transferred from one bacteria to the other
 Ex: Escherichia coli
b. Transformation
 Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from other dead
bacterial cell
 New bacterium is genetically different from
original
 Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
c. Transduction
 A bacteriophage (virus) carries a pieces of DNA
from one bacteria to another
CLASSIFICATION OF EUBACTERIA

F. CLASSIFICATION EUBACTERIA
1. Proteobacteria
Largest and most diverse bacterial group
Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic
bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria
Ex: Rhizobium
2. Cyanobacteria
 Carry on photosynthesis and make oxygen
 Called blue-green bacteria
 Contain pigment called phycocyanin (red and blue),
and chlorophyll (green) may be red, yellow, brown
 Some grow in chains and have specialized cells
called heterocyst that fix nitrogen
 Anabaena that live on nitrates and phosphates in
water can overpopulate and cause eutrophication
 Ex: Anabaena, Oscillatoria rubescens
3. Spirochetes
 Have flagella at each end so move in a corkscrew
motion
 Some are aerobic (require oxygen) others are
anaerobic
 May be free-living, parasitic, or live symbiotically
with another organism
 Ex: Treponema pallidum
4. Gram positive bacteria
 Most are gram positive, but some are gram
negative
 Largest and most diverse bacterial group
 Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic
bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
ARCHAEBACTE
RIA
CHARACTERISTIC
 Found in harst environment (undersea, volcanic
vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)
 Cell wall without peptidoglycan
 Plasma membrane contain lipid with eter bound
 Ribosome contain some RNA polymerase
 Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat
1. Methanogen
 Live in anaerobic environmenets (no oxygen)
 Obtain energy by changing Hidrogen and

carbodioxside gas into methane gas

 Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatment

plant, digestive tracts of animal

 Break down cellulose for herbivores

 Produce marsh gas or intestinal gas (methane)

Ex: Methanobacterium
2. Extreme Halophilles
 Live in salty water
 Found in the dead sea, great salt lake

 Use salt to help generate ATP (energy)

Ex: Halobacterium
3. Thermoacidophiles (thermophiles)

 Live in extremely hot and acidic water

 Found in hot spring in yellowstone national park,
in volcanic vents on land, and in cracks on the
ocean floor that leak scalding acidic water
 Ex: Sulfolobus, Thermoplasm