TKS 3245 HYDROCYLONE AND CYCLONE

Evelyn, ST., MSc., PhD

Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Riau-Indonesia
evelyn@lecturer.unri.ac.id
2016
Materi kuliah Perancangan Alat Proses (TKS 3245) bagian kedua

Disain mekanik menara/kolom.

Disain tangki berpengaduk.
Disain cylone dan hydrocyclone.

Buku yang bisa digunakan:

Disain mekanik menara/kolom
Brownell and Young (1959), Process Equipment Design, Chapter 9
Design Tall Vertical Vessel.
Coulson Vol. 6. 4th edition (2005), Chapter 13 Mechanical Design of
Process Equipment.

Disain tangki berpengaduk

Sinnott and Gavin (2013), Chemical Engineering Design - SI Edition
(5th Edition) chap 10.
Joshi (1976). Process Equipment Design (Chapter 14 Agitator)
McCabe et al, 5th edition (1993), Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering, Chapter 9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquid

Disain hydrocyclone dan cyclone

Coulson Volume 6, 4th edition (2005), page 422 to 426 for
hydrocyclone (liquid cyclone) and page 450 to 457 for cyclone
separator (gas cyclone).
GAS-SOLID SEPARATION

There are four broad groups of gas-solid separation

(gas cleaning) equipment:

1. Cyclone and inertial separators for removal of

large solid particles.
2. Baghouse collectors for removal of intermediate-
sized particles.
3. Wet scrubbers employing liquid sprays to entrap
solid particles.
4. Electrostatic precipitators to collect fine particles.
GAS-SOLID SEPARATION
CYCLONES
 Cyclones are the principal type of gas-solids separator
employing centrifugal force, and are the most
commonly used equipment for the separation of dust
particles from an air/gas stream.
 They are basically simple constructions; can be made
from a wide range of materials; and can be designed for
high temperature and pressure operation.
 Cyclones are suitable for separating particles above
about 5 μm diameter (generally to remove 20–30 micron
range); smaller particles, down to about 0.5 μm, can be
separated where agglomeration occurs.
 Typically, cyclone separators have efficiencies in the
range of 70–90%.
 The gas enters the top chamber
tangentially and spirals down to the
apex of the conical section; it then
moves upward in a second, smaller
diameter, spiral, and exits at the top
through a central vertical pipe. The
solids move radially to the walls,
slide down the walls, and are
collected at the bottom.

Figure 1.
(a) (b)

Figure 2.
PERFORMANCE CURVES OF THE TWO STANDARD DESIGN

Figure 3.
PERFORMANCE CURVES OF THE TWO STANDARD DESIGN

Figure .
These curves can be transformed to other cyclone sizes and
operating conditions by use of the following scaling
equation, for a given separating efficiency:

(1)

3 or 4
A performance curve for the proposed design can be drawn up
from Figures 3 or 4 by multiplying the grade diameter at, say,
each 10 per cent increment of efficiency, by the scaling factor
given by equation 1; as shown in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5.

The cyclone should be designed to give an inlet velocity of

between 9 and 27 m/s (30 to 90 ft/s); the optimum inlet
velocity has been found to be 15 m/s (50 ft/s).
PRESSURE DROP
The pressure drop in a cyclone will be due to the entry
and exit losses, and friction and kinetic energy losses in
the cyclone. The empirical equation given by Stairmand
(1949) can be used to estimate the pressure drop:

(2)

6,
6,
(3)
Figure 6.
EXAMPLE 1
1a
1,
The performance calculations, using this scaling factor (1.42)
and Figure 2a, are set out in the table below:

(Figure 3)
The collection efficiencies
shown in column 4 of the
table were read from
Figure 3 at the scaled
particle size, column 3.
The overall collection
efficiency satisfies the
specified solids recovery
(80%). The proposed
design with dimension in
the proportions given in
Figure 2a is shown in
Figure 7.

Figure 7.
Pressure-drop calculation:

6,

(2)
 GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

1. Select either the high-efficiency or high-throughput

design, depending on the performance required.
2. Obtain an estimate of the particle size distribution
of the solids in the stream to be treated.
3. Estimate the number of cyclones needed in parallel.
4. Calculate the cyclone diameter for an inlet velocity
of 15 m/s (50 ft/s). Scale the other cyclone
dimensions from Figures 2a or 2b.
5. Calculate the scale-up factor for the transposition of
Figures 3a or 3b.
6. Calculate the cyclone performance and overall
efficiency (recovery of solids). If unsatisfactory try a
smaller diameter.
7. Calculate the cyclone pressure drop.
8. Cost the system and optimise to make the best use
of the pressure drop available.
SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION
The most suitable technique to use will depend on the solids
concentration and feed rate, as well as the size and nature of the solid
particles.

Figure 8.
HYDROCYCLONES (LIQUID-CYCLONES)

 It is a centrifugal device with a stationary wall, the

centrifugal force being generated by the liquid motion.
 The operating principle is basically the same as that of
the gas cyclone described previously.
 Hydrocyclones are simple, robust, separating devices,
which can be used over the particle size range from 4 to
500 μm.
 Bradley’s equation and Zanker’s method can be used to
make a preliminary estimate of the size of cyclone
needed:

(4)
The equation gives the chamber diameter required to separate the so-
called d50 particle diameter, as a function of the slurry flow rate and the
liquid and solid physical properties. The d50 particle diameter is the
diameter of the particle, 50 per cent of which will appear in the overflow,
and 50 per cent in the underflow. The separating efficiency for other
particles is related to the d50 diameter by Figure 10, which is based on a
formula by Bennett (1936).

(5)
The method applies to hydrocyclones with the proportions
shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9.
Figure 10. Determination of d50 from the desired particle separation
Figure 11. Determination of DC
EXAMPLE 2

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