TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

WHY study Transport Phenomena ?

 To treat the processes as a continuous media where

various physical changes are occurring
simultaneously.
 The knowledge needs to handled at an abstract level
through mathematical formulations.
 HOW to study Transport Phenomena ?

 Study the transportation of momentum, heat, mass

through media as governed by various laws of
nature.
 Basic parameters representing the phenomena and
nomenclature
Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported/
Type of
Transport
TRANSPORT VISCOSITY u THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY DAB
BY CONDUCTIVITY k
MOLECULAR Newton’s law of Fourier’s law of heat Fick’s law of diffusion
MOTION viscosity. conduction Temperature, Temperature, Pressure, and
Temperature, Pressure Pressure, and composition composition dependence on
& Composition dependence on k DAB
dependence on u
Kinetic theory of u Kinetic theory of k Kinetic theory of DAB

TRANSPORT SHELL MOMENTUM SHELL ENERGY SHELL MASS

in LAMINAR BALANCES BALANCES BALANCES
FLOW OR
in SOLIDS, Velocity profiles Temperature profiles Concentration profiles
Average velocity Average temperature Average concentration
in ONE
DIMENSION Momentum flux at Energy flux at surfaces Mass flux at surfaces
surfaces

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 Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported
Type of
Transport
TRANSPORT EQUATION OF EQUATION OF CHANGE EQUATION OF CHANGE
CHANGE (Isothermal) (Non-isothermal) (Multi-component)
in an
ARBITRARY
CONTINUUM Equation of continuity Equation of continuity
Equation of motion Equation of motion for Equation of continuity for
Equation of energy forced and free convection each species
Equation of energy Equation of motion for
forced and free convection
Equation of energy

TRANSPORT IN MOMENTUM ENERGY TRANSPORT MASS TRANSPORT

LAMINAR TRANSPORT
FLOW OR Unsteady heat conduction Unsteady diffusion
in SOLIDS, Unsteady viscous flow Heat conduction in viscous Diffusion in viscous flow
Two-dimensional flow Two-dimensional diffusion
viscous flow Two-dimensional heat in solids
WITH TWO
Boundary-layer conduction in solids Boundary-layer mass
INDEPENDENT
momentum transport Boundary-layer energy transport
VARIABLES
transport

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 Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported
Type of
Transport
TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT TURBULENT ENERGY TURBULENT MASS
MOMENTUM TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
TURBULENT
FLOW
Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of equation
equation of change equation of change of change
Eddy viscosity Eddy thermal conductivity Eddy diffusivity

Turbulent velocity Turbulent temperature Turbulent concentration

profiles profiles profiles
TRANSPORT INTERPHASE INTERPHASE ENERGY INTERPHASE MASS
MOMENTUM TRASNPORT TRASNPORT
Between
TRASNPORT
TWO PHASES
Heat-transfer coefficient h Heat-transfer coefficient kx
Friction factor f
Dimensionless Dimensionless correlations
Dimensionless correlations (forced and (forced and free convection)
correlations free convection)

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 Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported
Type of
Transport
TRANSPORT RADIENT ENERGY
BY TRANSPORT
RADIATION
Planck’s radiation law
------- Stefan-Boltzmann law --------

Geometrical problems
Radiation through absorbing
media
TRANSPORT IN MICROSOPIC MICROSOPIC MICROSOPIC
LARGE FLOW BALANCES BALANCES BALANCES (Multi-
SYSTEMS (Isothermal) (Non-isothermal) component)

Mass balance Mass balance Mass balance of each

Mechanical energy Momentum balance species
balance Mechanical and total energy Momentum balance
(Bernoulli equation) balance Mechanical and total
energy balance
 How Transport Phenomena is Different
from Modeling?
 Mathematical models are usually developed under
well defined assumptions for limited range of
conditions.
 These models usually account for one phenomena at
a time and dose not draw any similarity with parallel
phenomena.
 Computer modeling (approximation or empirical
estimation) has generally been the remedy where the
mathematical modeling has not been possible.