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Traditional mineral admixtures were derived mostly from

natural volcanic materials and calcined clays or shales.
Nowadays, solid waste management has become one of the
major environmental concerns in the world. Utilization of waste
materials and by-products is a partial solution to environmental
and ecological problems.
Use of these materials not only helps in getting them
utilized in cement, concrete, and other construction materials, it
helps in reducing the cost of cement and concrete
manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect benefits such as
reduction in land-fill cost, saving in energy, and protecting the
environment form possible pollution effects.
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The average diameter of the particles in
silica fume has been established to be 0.1
ëm product, which is highly pozzolanic, is
recovered by passing the outgoing flue gas
through a bag house filter.

 
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j ÚiO2 + C á Úi + CO2 (main reaction-heat

applied)
j GÚiO2 2C á Úi + 2ÚiO + 2CO2 (secondary
reaction)
j 2ÚiO + O2 á 2 ÚiO2 (silica fume)
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Úilica fume is added to Portland cement

concrete to improve its properties, in particular
its compressive strength, bond strength, and
abrasion resistance.
Úilica fume acts as both a filler, improving
the physical structure by occupying the
spaces between the cement particles and
as a 'pozzolan,' reacting chemically to
impart far greater strength and durability
to concrete.
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silica fume also reduces the permeability

of concrete to chloride ions, which
protects the reinforcing steel of
concrete from corrosion

m

etakaolin, generally called ¶¶calcined
clay,·· is a reactive alumina-silicate
pozzolan produced by heating kaolinite at
a specific temperature regime.
D Produced by:
i. calcining pure clays at appropriate temperatures.
ii. calcining waste sludge from the paper recycling industry.

D main parameters influence the pozzolanic activity:

i. quantities of kaolinite in the inorganic fraction
ii. calcium hydroxide derived from the calcite present in the sludge
iii. particle sizes smaller than 10 ʅm.
D
etakaolin is white in color, affected by purity of kaolin.

D Reactivity of the metakaolin affected by:

- grinding to a finer particle size
- purity of the kaolin
- amount of siliceous and aluminous material

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Úeveral benefits of utilization of metakaolin as a mineral admixture for
cement and concrete:

‡ Reducing the permeability of concrete, including chloride permeability

‡ Helping to control alkali-silica reactivity (AÚR)
‡ Increasing concrete durability
‡ Lightening the colour of concrete making it possible to add lighter integral
colours
‡
aking concrete denser and reducing its shrinkage, due to ´particle
packingµ; combined with fly ash the results are even better
‡ Not substantially affecting set times when compared to the same mix
without metakaolin
‡ Increased compressive and flexural strengths
‡ Reduced potential for efflorescence, which occurs when calcium is
transported by water to the surface where it combines with carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere to make calcium carbonate, which precipitates on the
surface as a white residue.
M
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Application.. as a fuel in the boilers for

processing of paddy also used in power
generation as a fuel..
Effect.. RHA is a great environment threat
causing damage to the land and the
surrounding area in which it is dumped.

  #

j wuring milling of paddy about 78 % of weight is

received as rice, broken rice and bran. The rest
22% of the weight of paddy is received as husk
.
j This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile
matter and the balance 25 % of the weight of
this husk is converted into ash during the firing
process is known as rice husk ash (RHA).
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j It increases the strength and density of the
concrete and hence reduces the amount of
cement in the concrete mix.
j Because, particle size of the cement is about G5
microns.
ay be formation of void in the concrete,
if curing is not properly. This reduces the strength
and quality.
j RHA is finer than cement. Its particle size only 25
microns, so that it fills the interstices in between
the cement in the aggregate.
 Ú  Ú$ 

j This super-pozzolan can be used in a big way to

make special concrete mixes. There is a
growing demand for fine amorphous silica in
the production of special cement and concrete
mixes, high performance concrete, high
strength, low permeability concrete.
j Used in bridges, marine environments and
nuclear power plants.

 
 
j lower cost.
j enhance the workability, strength and
impermeability of concrete, while making concrete
durable to chemical attacks, increasing
compressive strength(10%-20%).
j RHA has excellent water resistance properties and
is used in waterproofing. It reduces water
penetration. It also reducing chloride ion
penetration in the structure and thus improving
the life of building.
m
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j This product can be used in a variety of
applications like:
‡ green concrete
‡ high performance concrete
‡ refractory
‡ ceramic glaze
‡ insulator
‡ waterproofing chemicals
‡ insecticides and bio fertilizers
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j blast furnace slag is the non-metallic by-

product, consisting of silicates and alumino-
silicates of lime and of other bases, that is
developed simultaneously with iron in the blast
furnace

Ú

j BFÚ has been widely used as a

supplementary cementitious material in
Portland cement concrete,either as a mineral
admixture or as a component of blended
cement.BFÚ has been widely used in
Europe,UÚ and Asia(particularly in Japan and
Úingapore)

Ú

j two major uses Of BFÚ is the production of

quality-improved slag cement namely Portland
Blastfurnace Cement(PBFC) and High Úlag
Blastfurnace Cement(HÚBFC).
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j [orkability-concrete containing BFÚ as a

partial cement has longer-lasting workability
and low slump loss during hot weather
construction
j Heat of hydration-concrete containing BFÚ
exhibits a lower heat of hydration than
conventional Portland cement concrete
 m m  
mÚ
j Úulfate resistance-use of BFÚ as partial
cement replacement gives concrete moderate
resistance to sulfate attack
j Alkali-aggregate reactivity-the use of BFÚ as
a partial replacement for Portland ement can
reduce available alkalies and can reduce the
reaction between certain siliceous components
of concrete aggregates and the alkalies in the
concrete.
 m m  
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j Hydraulic reactivity-depending on the

quenching process, the structure of pelletized
blast furnace slag can range from
crystalline(slow quench ) to vitreous(rapid
quench)
j Rapid quenching is important if cementitious
properties are to be achieved.

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Ú
j wewatering-
oisture in blast furnace slag,
which occurs in the granulation process or in
pelletized slag, should be removed by drying
prior to the use of BFÚ as either an additive
to Portland cement or a mineral admixture to
Portland cement concrete.

mÚ ÚÚm 
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j rinding-Processing for use as a
supplementary cementitious material requires
grinding of the slag, typically using the same or
similar plant and equipment as for Portland
cement production.
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j
aterial Handling and Útorage
BFÚ (or cement containing BFÚ) is
handled and stored like conventional Portland
cement.
j
ixing, Placing, and Compacting
The same equipment and procedures used for
conventional Portland cement concrete may be
used to batch, mix, transport, place, and finish
concrete containing BFÚ.
 Ú

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j Curing
The slower strength development of concrete containing BFÚ may
require that the moisture be retained in the concrete for a longer period
of time than what is normally required for conventional concrete.
Úcheduling of pavement construction should allow adequate time for the
specified strength gain prior to the placement of traffic loads, the onset
of freeze-thaw cycles, and the application of deicing salts.

j Quality Control
The same quality control procedures used for conventional Portland
cement concrete can be used for concrete containing BFÚ.
  Úm

Nowadays the industrial by product and

waste is increase from day to day, researches
are continuously been done to produce the
methods to transform this to something
useful..The utilization of this by product gives
us the choices to improve the desired
properties of the cement.