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4.How can power be maintained?

• Based on three regions

Modernisation • Theory based on pure capitalism


• Brain drain takes from periphery
• Poorer countries will remain poor
• USA - perfect example
• Every country will develop
World Systems • Based on core and periphery
• A critique is that stages can be leapt over
• Poorer countries will develop over time
• Different stages of development evident
• China upsets this theory
Dependency • Poorer countries can break free of dependency
• Africa is largely exploited in this theory
• Semi periphery can exploit periphery
• Colonial model
• Criticised as too simplistic
• Resources go to core
• The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery

Warm up! • Individuals are all consumers

Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line –
refer back to notes if stuck.
If finished consider how the theories suggest power is or maintained (e.g. how are
countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)
How can power be maintained?
• Based on three regions

Modernisation • Theory based on pure capitalism


• Brain drain takes from periphery
• Poorer countries will remain poor
• USA - perfect example
• Every country will develop
World Systems • Based on core and periphery
• A critique is that stages can be leapt over
• Poorer countries will develop over time
• Different stages of development evident
• China upsets this theory
Dependency • Poorer countries can break free of dependency
• Africa is largely exploited in this theory
• Semi periphery can exploit periphery
• Colonial model
• Criticised as too simplistic
• Resources go to core
• The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery

Warm up! • Individuals are all consumers

Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line –
refer back to notes if stuck.
If finished consider how the theories suggest power is gained or maintained (e.g. how
are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)
Superpower Geographies

2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers


a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial rule
b) Key roles in international decision making, policy and
action
c) Control of trade
d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global
culture’

Learning Objectives:
• Understand how superpower rule has changed from colonial rule
to indirect neo-colonial rule
• Assess the mechanisms of neo-colonial control – trade, aid and
debt
4.2.1 How can power be maintained?

Mechanism
s of
Colonial
Control

What mechanisms of control are there?


These Images can help.
4.2.1 How can power be maintained?
Direct
military
conquest /
occupation
of territory
Imposition
of an alien Ethnic
legal system cleansing of
and difficult
ownership groups
rights Mechanism
s of
Mechanisms of
Colonial
Colonial
Control
Control
Economic
Cultural
imperialism
imperialism
e.g.
through art,
exporting to
religion and
the home
language
country Government
by dictat,
through
colonial
administrator
s
What mechanisms of control are there?
These Images can help.
Era of decolonialisation
Independence brought about conflict
rather than immediate freedom for 3
main reasons

1. Colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic


boundaries = conflict
2. Colonies had a government but indigenous people
excluded from running them = lack of experience
3. As colonial powers left, insurgents pushed them out
= violence
Neo-Colonialism
• A form of indirect control over
developing countries, most of them
former colonies

Direct political control decreased whilst economic


control increased

- Economic dependence on primary goods


- Economic dominance of multinational companies
- Impact of foreign aid and foreign debt
How were they being
indirectly controlled?
1) Aid
Often given with ‘strings attached’ forcing the
developing countries to spend it in particular ways
2) Trade
Low raw material export prices contrast with high
prices that developing countries have to pay for
manufactured goods
3) Debt
Many developing countries pay huge sums of money to
developed countries each year in interest
Neo-colonialism?
• Left-wing geographers argue that
superpowers use subtle, indirect
ways to maintain power today
• These ways are often termed neo-
colonialism
• Aid is often given to allies and
‘friends’ rather than the most needy
countries (see table), and much aid
is ‘tied’ in various ways.
• Debt repayments channel money Top 10 2006 ($
Recipients of millions) Note the total lack
from the developing to the USA foreign aid of overlap between
the most indebted
developed world Israel
Egypt
2,520
1,795 nations and the top
10 receivers of US
• Even debt relief schemes, such as Colombia
Jordan
558
461
aid.

the HIPC scheme (see map) have Pakistan 698


been criticised Peru
Indonesia
133
158
• For HIPC countries to qualify for Kenya 213

debt relief, they must follow the


Bolivia 122
Ukraine 115
economic policies of bankers in the
developed world
Ghana @ 50: success or failure?
• In 1957 gained independence from British Colonial
rule.
• Read pg 152-157 Oxford and extra sheets on blog

• Using table of development indicators for Ghana on


p.152. In what ways has Ghana
a) Made progress?
b) Fallen behind?
• Create a mind map around the key
phrase ‘neo-colonialism a bridge
between the developed and developing
nations using Ghana as an example’
Exam Question
• Using examples, assess the view that
the relationship between the developed
and the developing world is a neo-
colonial one’ (15 marks)

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