Sensors and Transducers

JOSE I GARCIA M. PHD

REFERENCE
DEVDAS SHETTY-MECHATRONICS SYSTEM DESIGN

ANTONIO CREUS- INSTRUMENTATION INDUSTRIAL

KILIAN- MODERN CONTROL TECHNOLOGY: COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS

ROBERT BISCHOP- CAPT 16 THE MECHATRONICS HANDBOOK

Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Transducers
It is defined as a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a
corresponding signal, which has a different physical form.
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Sensor Classification
Basic Concepts
Sensor Classification
Basic Concepts
Sensor Classification
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Range: The range or span of an instrument defines the minimum and maximum values
of a quantity that the instrument is designed to measure
• Sensitivity: It is a measure of the change in instrument output that
occurs when the quantity being measured changes by a given amount.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Resolution: It is a lower limit on the magnitude of the change in the input measured
quantity that produces an observable change in the instrument output.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Sensitivity to Disturbance : When variations occur in the ambient temperature, certain
static instrument characteristics change.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Linearity : It is normally desirable that the output reading of an instrument is linearly
proportional to the quantity being measured.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Hysteresis: It is a variation of output reading as function of increment direction
of input.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor static characteristics
• Dead Space : It is defined as the range of different input values over which there is no
change in output value.
 Basic Concepts
Sensor characteristics
• Accuracy: It is a measure of how close the output
reading of the instrument is to the correct value.

• Precision: It a term that describes an

instrument’s degree of freedom from random
errors.
Basic Concepts
Sensor characteristics

http://www.omega.com/pptst/LCHD.html
Basic Concepts
Sensor characteristics

http://cl.omega.com/pptst/DRF-LC.html
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Sensor Types
• Position sensors
• Velocity sensors
• Acceleration sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Load and Pressure sensors
• Temperature sensors
• Flow sensors
• Liquid-level sensors
Basic Concepts
Position Sensors
POTENTIOMETERS

A potentiometer is a transducer in which a rotation or displacement is converted into a potential difference

eo = R2/(R1+R2) * ei

Symbol
eo = (d / L) * ei
Basic Concepts
Position Sensors
POTENTIOMETERS

A potentiometer is a transducer in which a rotation or displacement is converted into a potential difference

Basic Concepts
Position Sensors
A robot rotates 120o stop to stop and uses a pot, with 350o/5V, as the position sensor. The
controller is an 8-bit digital system and needs to know the actual position of the arm to
withn 0.50. Determine if the setup shown will do the job.
Basic Concepts
Position Sensors
Basic Concepts
Position Sensors
Basic Concepts
Linear Variable Displacement Transformer (LVDT)
 Basic Concepts
Linear Variable Displacement Transformer (LVDT)
• Features:
• High resolution, high accuracy, and good stability make them an ideal
for applications involving short displacement measurements.
• Sensitive transducers provide resolution down to about 0.05 mm.
• They have operating ranges from about 0.1 to 300 mm.
• Accuracy is 0.5 mm of full-scale reading.
• Less sensitive to wide ranges in temperature than potentiometers.
• Applications
• Measurement of precision gap between weld torch and work surface in welding applications.
• Measurement of the thickness of plates in rolling mills.
• Detection of surface irregularity of parts after they are machined.
• Angular speed measurement of a rotating device.
• Precise detection of specimen size.
• Liquid level applications.
Basic Concepts
Rotary Encoders Applications

0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110
 Basic Concepts
Rotary Encoders Applications

http://218.92.44.21:8088/book/book46/2009875572664.pdf
The specifications to determinate the angular position of a shaft with a resolution of 0.5
Basic Concepts
Angular Velocity Sensors or Tachometers
Optical Tachometers Toothed-Rotor Tachometers
Basic Concepts
Velocity Sensors
Basic Concepts
Velocity Sensors
Basic Concepts
Optical Proximity Sensors
Basic Concepts
Optical Sensors
Basic Concepts
Hall-Effect Proximity Sensors
Basic Concepts
LOAD SENSORS
Vibration Sensors: Seismic Mass

Type equation here.

 Basic Concepts
LOAD SENSORS
Tension in steel bar
Basic Concepts
PRESSURE SENSORS
Basic Concepts
TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Seebeck effect

Seebeck
effect
Basic Concepts
TEMPERATURE SENSORS 100-Ω platinum RTD
100 Ω at 0°C 0.39 Ω/°C

Resistance Temperature Detectors Thermistors

Basic Concepts
TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Integrated-Circuit Temperature Sensors. LM35

 Basic Concepts
FLOW SENSORS
Pressure-Based Flow Sensors

orifice plate
Basic Concepts
FLOW SENSORS

A turbine A magnetic
Basic Concepts
LIQUID-LEVEL SENSORS

Discrete
Basic Concepts
LIQUID-LEVEL SENSORS

Continuous
Basic Concepts
Selection Criteria for a Transducer
• The range of the measurement
• Suitability of the transducer for such measurement
• Required resolution
• Material of the measured object
• Available space
• Environmental conditions
• Power available for sensing
• Cost
• Production volume
• Maintenance
Basic Concepts
Evolution of sensors
Basic Concepts
Evolution of sensors
 Basic Concepts
A smart health scenario using body-worn sensors
Basic Concepts
Standards
Standards
https://es.slideshare.net/osvaldoaeo/interpretacion-de-planos-y-diagramas-dti
 Standards

https://exploratecnica.blogspot.com.co/2016/05/codigo-de-identificacion-de-los.html
Standards