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REDDYPRASAD REDDIVARI
Circuit Theorems 1
Chap. 4 Circuit Theorems
Introduction
Linearity property
Superposition
Source transformations
Thevenin’s theorem
Norton’s theorem
Maximum power transfer
Circuit Theorems 2
4.1 Introduction
A large Simplify
complex circuits circuit analysis
Circuit Theorems
Additivity property
i1 v1 i1 R
i2 v2 i2 R
i1 i2 (i1 i2 ) R i1 R i2 R v1 v2
Circuit Theorems 4
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly
related (or directly proportional) to its input
Fig. 4.1
V0
I0
Circuit Theorems 5
Linear circuit consist of
● linear elements
vs 10V i 2A
● linear dependent sources vs 1V i 0.2A
● independent sources vs 5mV i 1mA
v 2
p i R 2
: nonlinear
R
Circuit Theorems 6
Example 4.1
KVL
Circuit Theorems 8
Example 4.1
Eq(4.1.1), we get
vs
76i2 vs 0 i2
76
vs 12V
When 12
I 0 i2 A
76
vs 24V
24
When I 0 i2 A
76
Circuit Theorems 10
Example 4.2
If I 0 1A, then v1 (3 5) I 0 8V
I1 v1 / 4 2A, I 2 I1 I 0 3A
V2
V2 V1 2 I 2 8 6 14V, I 3 2A
7
I 4 I 3 I 2 5A I S 5A
I 0 1 A I S 5A
I 0 3A I S 15A
Circuit Theorems 11
4.3 Superposition
Circuit Theorems 12
Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active
source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all
the contributions due to the independent sources.
Circuit Theorems 16
Example 4.3
Since there are two sources,
let V V1 V2
Voltage division to get
4
V1 ( 6) 2 V
48
Current division, to get
8
i3 (3) 2A
48
Hence
v2 4i3 8V
Circuit Theorems 18
Example 4.4
Fig. 4.10
Circuit Theorems 19
Example 4.4
Fig. 4.10
Circuit Theorems 20
4.5 Source Transformation
vs
vs is R or is
R
i i
+ +
v iR vs
v v vs v
i
R R
- -
v
vs
-is
Circuit Theorems 23
Arrow of the current source
positive terminal of voltage source
Impossible source Transformation
● ideal voltage source (R = 0)
● ideal current source (R=)
Circuit Theorems 24
Example 4.6
Circuit Theorems 25
Example 4.6
Fig 4.18
Circuit Theorems 26
Example 4.6
2
i ( 2 ) 0 .4 A
28
and
vo 8i 8(0.4) 3.2V
Circuit Theorems 27
Example 4.7
Circuit Theorems 28
Example 4.7
3 1i v x 0 v x 3 i (4.7.2)
Circuit Theorems 29
Example 4.7
15 5i 3 0 i 4.5A
Alternatively
v x 4i v x 18 0 i 4.5A
thus
v x 3 i 7.5V
Circuit Theorems 30
4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
Circuit Theorems 31
Property of Linear Circuits
i
+
Any two-terminal v Slope=1/Rth
Linear Circuits
- v
Vth
Isc
Circuit Theorems 32
Fig. 4.23
Circuit Theorems 33
How to Find Thevenin’s Voltage
Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current relation at
the terminals.
VTh voc : open circuit voltage at a b
Circuit Theorems 34
How to Find Thevenin’s Resistance
RTh Rin :
input resistance of the dead circuit at a b.
a b open circuited
Turn off all independent sources
Circuit Theorems 35
CASE 1
If the network has no dependent sources:
● Turn off all independent source.
● RTH: can be obtained via simplification of either parallel
or series connection seen from a-b
Circuit Theorems 36
Fig. 4.25
CASE 2
If the network has dependent
sources
● Turn off all independent sources.
● Apply a voltage source vo at a-b
vo
RTh
io
Circuit Theorems 38
Fig. 4.26
Simplified circuit
VTh
IL
RTh RL
RL
VL RL I L VTh
RTh RL
Voltage divider
Circuit Theorems 39
Example 4.8
Circuit Theorems 40
Find Rth
Circuit Theorems 41
Find Vth
VTh :
(1) Mesh analysis
32 4i1 12(i1 i2 ) 0 , i2 2A
i1 0.5A
VTh 12(i1 i2 ) 12(0.5 2.0) 30V
(2) Alternatively, Nodal Analysis
(32 VTh ) / 4 2 VTh / 12
VTh 30V
Circuit Theorems 42
Example 4.8
To get iL :
VTh 30
iL
RTh RL 4 RL
RL 6 I L 30 / 10 3A
RL 16 I L 30 / 20 1.5A
RL 36 I L 30 / 40 0.75A
Circuit Theorems 44
Example 4.9
Circuit Theorems 45
Example 4.9
Circuit Theorems 46
Example 4.9
For loop 1,
2v x 2(i1 i2 ) 0 or v x i1 i2
But 4i vx i1 i2
i1 3i2
Circuit Theorems 47
Example 4.9
Loop 2 and 3 :
4i2 2(i2 i1 ) 6(i2 i3 ) 0
6(i3 i2 ) 2i3 1 0
Solving these equations gives
i3 1 / 6A.
1
But io i3 A
6
1V
RTh 6
io
Circuit Theorems 48
Example 4.9
Circuit Theorems 49
Example 4.10
Circuit Theorems 50
Example 4.10
But ix 0 v v
o
o
2 2
vo vo vo vo
io ix or vo 4io
4 2 4 4
vo
Thus RTh 4 : Supplying power
io
Circuit Theorems 51
Example 4.10
Circuit Theorems 52
Example 4.10
Circuit Theorems 53
4.6 Norton’s Theorem
Slope=1/RN
v
Vth
-IN
VTh
I N isc
RTh
Circuit Theorems 56
Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit :
The open circuit voltage voc across terminals a and
b
The short circuit current isc at terminals a and b
The equivalent or input resistance Rin at terminals
a and b when all independent source are turn off.
VTh voc
IN isc
VTh
RTh RN
RTh
Circuit Theorems 57
Example 4.11
Circuit Theorems 58
Example 4.11
Circuit Theorems 59
Example 4.11
To find iN (Fig.4.40(b))
short circuit terminals a and b .
Mesh : i1 2A, 20i2 4i1 i2 0
i2 1A isc IN
Circuit Theorems 60
Example 4.11
Mesh analysis :
i 3 2 A, 25i 4 4i 3 12 0
i 4 0.8A
voc VTh 5i 4 4V
Circuit Theorems 61
Example 4.11
Hence, VTh
IN 4 / 4 1A
RTh
Circuit Theorems 62
Example 4.12
Circuit Theorems 63
Example 4.12
To find RN Fig.4.44(a)
4 resistor shorted
5 || v || 2i : Parallel
o x
Hence, ix vo / 5 1 / 5 0.2
vo 1
RN 5
io 0.2
Circuit Theorems 64
Example 4.12
Circuit Theorems 65
4.8 Maximum Power Trandfer
2
VTH
p i RL
2
RL
RTH RL
Fig 4.48
Circuit Theorems 66
Fig. 4.49
Circuit Theorems 67
2 ( RTH RL ) 2 RL ( RTH RL )
2
dp
VTH
dRL ( RTH RL ) 4
( RTH RL 2 RL )
V 2
TH 0
( RTH RL )
3
0 ( RTH RL 2 RL ) ( RTH RL )
RL RTH
VTH2
pmax
4 RTH
Circuit Theorems 68
Example 4.13
Circuit Theorems 69
Example 4.13
6 12
RTH 2 3 6 12 5 9
18
Circuit Theorems 70
Example 4.13
12 18i1 12i2 , i2 2 A
12 6ii 1 3i2 2(0) VTH 0 VTH 22V
RL RTH 9
2 2
V 22
pmax
TH
13.44W
4 RL 4 9
Circuit Theorems 71
Homework Problems
Circuit Theorems 72
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