BNJ 20903

Lecture #07
By,
Dr. Noraini Marsi
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

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 Stress and
Strain
Failure Shear Force and
Theories Bending
Moment

Strain Energy Solid

Torsion
Mechanics

Thin
Column
cylinder
Stress and strain
transformation

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 Long slender members subjected to an axial
compressive force are called columns.
 The lateral deflection that occurs is called
buckling.

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 The maximum axial load that
a column can support when it
is on the verge of buckling is
called the CRITICAL LOAD,
Pcr.
 Any additional load will cause
the column to buckle and
therefore deflect laterally
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 When the bar are in the  FBD, the bar are displaced by
vertical position, the spring pin at A which produce force
having the stiffness k, is F=k∆.
unstretched.

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 The spring will produce the F  k
force,
 2
 q L
 Restoring spring force k qL
become: F
2
 Applied load P will develops
two horizontal components, P  P tan q
x
Since q is small,
2Px  2Pq

and tanq=q

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 •If the restoring force is greater than disturbing force

kq L  2 Pq
2
Stable equilibrium
The force developed by the spring would be
P  kL adequate to restore the bars back to their
4 vertical position.

Unstable equilibrium
If the load P is applied and a slight displacement
occurs at A, the mechanism will tend to move out
P  kL of equilibrium and not be restored to its original
positions.
4
Neutral equilibrium
Any slight disturbance given to the mechanism
will not cause it to move further out of
equilibrium, nor will it be restored to its original
Pcr  kL position. Instead, the bars will remain in the
4 deflected position.

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1.Column With Pin Support

 When the critical load Pcr is

reached, the column is on the
verge of becoming unstable, so
that a small lateral force F will
cause the column to remain in the
deflected position when F is
removed.
 In order to determine the critical
load and buckled shape of the
column, the followed equation is
used:-

 Deflection y and internal moment

M are in positive direction
d2y
EI 2  M
dx
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  With M=-Py
d2y
EI 2  Py _________(1)
• Equation 3 is homogeneous, dx
second order, linear d2y  P 
differential equation    y  0 _______(2)
dx  EI 
2

or
d2y
2
  2
y  0 _________(3)
dx
1
P P 2
with 2  or    
EI  EI 

Using methods of differential equation or by direct substitution

General solution is:
y  A cos (x )  B sin (x ) ____(4)

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 At x=0, y=0, then from equation (4), A=0 and equation (4) become as:-

y=B sin (x)_____(5)

 At x=L, y=0, then from equation (5):-

0= B sin (L)

 If B=0, It means no deflection occur in the column. Therefore, B0,

but:-
sin (L)=0
(L)= , 2, 3, 4, …….n, if , n0

 The smallest value of P is obtained when n=1,

 (L)=  or
1

P2
  .L  
 EI 
 so critical load for this column is:
2 EI
Pcr  2 __________(6)
L
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 A column will buckle about
the principal axis of the
cross section having the
least moment of inertia (the
weakest axis).
 As in picture, the column will
buckle at the a-a axis not
the b-b axis.
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 Pcr=critical or max axial load
on the column just before it
begins to buckle. This loads
must not cause the stress in
the column to exceed the
proportional limit.
 E=modulus of elasticity
material.
 I=least moment of inertia
for the column cross-
sectional area.
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 5.Column With Various Types of Supports

Based on all Euler’s Formula for various types of supports, the

formula can be written as:

 2 EI  2 EI
Pcr  2

(KL) (L e ) 2

With K = constant depends on the end support types

= 1, 2, 0.5, and 0.7
EI = column minimum stiffness (kNm2)
L = Column actual length (m)
Le = effective length
P = Pcr=Buckling @ Critical Load (kN@MN)
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Effective Length :Le=KL

 2 EI  2 EI
Pcr  Pcr 
 2 EA  L2 2 L 2
Pcr 

KL
r
2
  2 EI
 2 
 2 EI
 2 EI L 4 L2

(KL) 2  2 E  A

1 2 EI  2 E  A 0.25 2 EI
Pcr 
 
KL
2
Pcr 
 
KL
2 
r L2 r L2
 EI2


(L e ) 2

2E  2 EI  2 EI
 cr 
 
KL
r
2 Pcr 
0.5L  2
Pcr 
0.7 L 2
2 E  2 E  A  2 EI  2 EI
 Pcr   
2  
KL
2
0.25L 2
0.49 L2
 e 
L r
 r  4 2 EI 2 2 EI
   
L2 L2

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 Column Buckling Stress

Buckling Load
Buckling Stress 
Cross  sec tional Area
Pcr
 cr 
A

 2 EI  1 
 cr  2  
Le  A 
I  Ar 2 where A  cross  sec tional area , r  smallest radius of gyration
 2 E (Ar 2 )  1  2E
 cr   
 A   Le 
2 2
Le
 r 
 
Le
is known as the slendernes s ratio
r

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SLENDERNESS RATIO,L/r

 Curve hyperbolic valid for

critical stress below yield
point.

 Eg:  Y  steel  250MPa

 cr   Y
 The smallest acceptance
slenderness ratio for
steel.(L/r=89)
 If (L/r>89) euler’s formula
can be used however if
(L/r<89) euler formula not
valid.

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Critical Buckling Load :
 d   d4
4

I    and K  1 for roller sup ported ends column.

42 64
Applying Euler ' s formula,
 d 4 
 21010 
2 3

 EI
2
 64 
Pcr  
( KL) 2
1(300)2

 d 4 
 21010 
2 3

4(10) 3   64 
(1)300
2

d  7.71mm  8mm

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 Pcr 4(10) 3
 cr    79.6MPa  Y  250MPa
 2
A 8
4
Therefore , Euler ' s formula is valid

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 The Secant Formula

 The Euler formula was derived with the assumptions that the
load P is always applied through the centroid of the
columns’s cross-sectional area and that the column is
perfectly straight.

 This is quite unrealistic since manufactured columns are

never perfectly straight.

 In reality, columns never suddenly buckle; instead they begin

to bend although ever so slightly , immediately upon
application of the load.

 Therefore, load P will be applied to the column at a short

eccentric distance e from the centroid of the cross section.

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 M  Pe  y 
Internal moment in the column:

Differential equation for the deflection curve: d2y

EI 2  M
dx

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 When x =L/2, v = vmax

P P
MaximumDeflection :
y  C1sin x  C 2 cos xe
y max  e sec P L   1
EI EI
Boundary Condition   EI 2  
when x  0, y  0
if e  0, y max  0
C 2  e.
when x  L, y  0

C1 
 
e 1  cos P EI L 
sin P EI L
since :
 
1  cos P EI L  2 sin 2  P EI L
2

and
sin P EI L  2 sin  P EI L
2
cos P EI L
2

C1  e tan  P EI L
2

hence, the deflection curve written as;
   
y  e tan P EI L sin P EI x  cos P EI x  1
2
   

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 M  Pe  ymax 
 L
M  Pe sec P 
 EI 2

Max stress in the column is compressive

P Mc P Pec  P L 
 max   ;  max   sec 
A I A I  EI 2 
I  Ar 2
P  ec  L P 
 max  1  sec  
A r 2
 2r EA 

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 The W250x18 structural A-36
steel column is used to support
a load of 4 kN. If the
column is fixed at the base and
free at the top, determine:
i. The deflection at the top of the
column due to the loading.
ii. The maximum stress in the
column.

E=210GPa, σy=250MPa.

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 Solution (ii):
sec tion properties for W 250 18;
A  2280mm2 I x  22.5(106 )mm4 rx  99.3mm d  251mm
P  ec KL P 
 max  1  2 sec ( )
A r 2r EA 
P 4 103
  1.75MPa
A 2280
 251 
200 
ec
  2   2.5455
r2 99.32
KL P (2.0)(5000)  4(103 ) 
  0.1455

2r EA 2(99.3)  210(10 )( 2280) 
3

 max  1.751  2.5455 sec(0.1455)

 max  6.252MPa Y OK .
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 The W360 X 39 structural
A-36 steel member is used as
a column that is assumed to
be fixed at its top and its
bottom. If the 15 kN load is
applied at an eccentric
distance of 250 mm.
Determine the MAXIMUM
STRESS in the column.
E = 210 GPa, σy = 250 MPa.

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Section properties for W360  39 : 
A  4960mm 2 d  363mm I x  102(10 6 )mm 4 rx  143mm
Yielding about x  x axis :
P  ec  KL P 
 max  1  2 sec 
 K  0.5
A  r  2 r EA 
 363 
250  
 2   2.2189
3
P 15(10 ) ec
  3.02MPa ; 2 
A 4960 r (143) 2
KL P 0.5(5)(1000) 15(10 3 )
 3
 0.03317
2r EA 2(143) 210(10 )( 4960)
 max  3.021  2.2189 sec (0.03317)
 max  9.72MPa  Y  250MPa OK.
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 Exercise 2b
 Solve the problem if the
column is fixed at its top
and pinned at its bottom.

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Section properties for W360  39 : 
A  4960mm 2
d  363mm I x  102(10 6 )mm 4 rx  143mm
Yielding about x  x axis :
P  ec  KL P 
 max  1  sec 
 K  0.7
A  r 2  2 r EA 
 363 
250 
 2 
3
P 15(10 ) ec
  3.02MPa ; 2   2.2189
A 4960 r (143) 2
KL P 0.7(5)(1000) 15(10 3 )
  0.04644
2r EA 2(143) 210(10 3 )( 4960)
 max  3.021  2.2189 sec (0.04644)
 max  9.73MPa  Y  250MPa OK

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 A W360 x 45 structural A-36 steel
column is pin connected at its ends
and has a length L = 5 m. Determine
the maximum eccentric load P that
can be applied so the column does
not buckle or yield. Compare this
value with an axial critical load P
applied through the centroid of the
column. E = 210 GPa, σy = 250 MPa.

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Section properties for W360  45 : 
A  5710mm 2
rx  146mm I y  8.16(10 6 )mm 4 d  352mm
For a column pinned at both ends , K  1 :
(KL) y  (KL) x  1(5)(1000)  5000mm
Buckling about y  y axis : Applying Euler Formula ,
 EI
2
 (210)(10 )(8.16)(10 )
2 3 6

P'  P  Pcr  2
  68544 N  68.54kN
(KL) y (5000) 2
Critical stress : Euler ' s formula is only valid if  cr   Y
Pcr 68544
 cr    12.0MPa   y  250MPa OK.
A 5710
Yielding about x  x axis : Applying the sec ant formula ,
P  ec  KL P 
 max  1  sec 

A  r 2  2 r EA 
  352  
 150  
68544  
2   5000 68544 
 max  1 sec  
5710  146 2 2 (146) ( 210)(10 3
)( 5710) 
 
 
 
 max  26.9MPa   Y  250MPa OK

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 Solve the problem if the
column is fixed connected at
its ends.

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 Mukasurat 556
 Mechanics of material – johnson
 9.51
 9.52
 9.53
 9.54

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