CHECKPOINT

CHEMISTRY

By Na, Quang, Mink,

PAA
TOPIC

Particle Theory of Matter

Material property
I. PARTICLE THEORY

oThe kinetic theory of matter(particle theory) states that

matter is made up of small particles which are constantly
moving.
oThere are 3 KEY COMPONENTS of particle theory:
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. All particles are always moving.(more energymove faster)
3. There are attractive forces between particles.
4. All particles in a pure substance are identical (no two different
pure substances have the same particles)
5. All particles have space between them
I. PARTICLE THEORY

The different
states of matter
can be explained
using the particle
theory
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

 ELEMENTS – Pure substances that cannot be

broken down into simpler substances. (Water is
made of the elements hydrogen and oxygen)
 COMPOUNDS – Pure substances that contain two
or more different elements in a fixed proportion.
(Formed when elements combine together in
chemical reactions.)
 ATOMS – The smallest part of an element that
can combine with other elements
 MOLECULES – Two or more atoms chemically
bonded together. They can be the same kind of
atoms (O2) or different kinds of atoms (H2O)
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

 Atom is the smallest thing that

cannot be split
 Made of Proton, Neutron,
Electron
 Have Neutral charge
ATOM
ELECTRON

 Electron is a SUBATOMIC particle orbits around NUCLEUS

This is an electron
 Electron have negative charge, opposite of proton’s positive charge which
neutralised the atom.
 Electrons are involved in many phenomenom like
Electric charge, thunder,…
 The number of electron in one atom is equal
This is an electron
to the number of proton(in normal state)
This is an electron
 NUCLEUS

 Nucleus contains Neutron and Proton.

 Proton: positive charge
 Neutron: no charge

This is a proton
 DIFFUSION

 Diffusion
Eg: Coffeeis theimportant
an
happens movement
particle in liquids
diffuse ofand
a substance
process
through for
gasesliving
hot from
because
water an
things; area
it
their of high
isparticles
how concentration
substances
move move into
randomly
an
andarea
fromout of cells.
place low concentration.
to place.
 1. Highly concentrated coffee molecules enter the cup of hot water.
 2. Coffee molecules begin to spread out in between the water molecules.
 3. Coffee molecules are now in a lower concentration than they started in.
DIFFUSION
II. MATERIAL

 Some metals are

very unreactive. This means
they do not easily take part in
chemical reactions.
 Some metals are very reactive.
They easily take part in
chemical reactions to make
new substances.
 We put the metals in order of
their reactivity, from the most
reactive down to the least
reactive, we get a list called
the reactivity series.
REACTIONS OF
METALS WITH
ACIDS
 Acids react with most metals and,
when they do, a salt is produced with
hydrogen gas.
 General word equaltion for reaction
of acids with metals
METAL + ACIDSALT + HYDROGEN
 Eg: Mg + H2SO4MgSO4 + H2
 The more reactive the metal, the
quicker the reaction
 Test for hydrogen:
 A burning wooden splint goes pop if it
is put into a test tube of hydrogen
DISPLACEMENT REACTION

 Displacement reactions involve a

metal and a compound of a different
metal
 A more reactive metal will displace a
less reactive metal from its
compounds
 The more reactive metal gradually
disappears as it forms a solution
 The less reactive metal coats the
surface of the more reactive metal
 For example, magnesium is more
reactive than copper. When a piece
of magnesium is dipped into blue
copper sulfate solution:
 the blue colour fades as colourless
magnesium sulfate solution forms
 brown copper coats the surface of the
magnesium
RATE OF REACTION

 There are 4 things affect rate of reaction:

 CONCENTRATION
 TEMPERATURE
 CATALYST
 SURFACE AREA