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Assumptions made:
1. Velocity on the flow cross section is
uniform, i.e: average velocity is used
2. Effect of viscous forces are very small
compared to gravitational forces, therefore
there are no losses of energy due to friction
3. Energy of flow is not converted into any
other form apart from kinetic, potential
and pressure energies
Limitation of Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to:
• Steady flow
• Frictionless flow
– Every flow involves some friction
• No shaft work
– Not applicable in a flow section that involves a
pump, turbine, fan, machine or impeller
– Devices destroy the streamlines and carry out
energy interactions with the fluid particles
• Incompressible flow
– One of the assumptions used in the derivation is
that ρ = constant, thus the flow is
incompressible
• No heat transfer
– ρgas us inversely proportional to temperature,
thus the Bernoulli equation should not be used
for flow section that involve significant
temperature change i.e: heating/cooling
• Along a streamline
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Spraying Water into the Air
Water is flowing from a hose attached to a
water main at 400 kPa gauge. A child place his
thumb to cover most of the hose outlet,
causing a thin jet of high speed water to
emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the
maximum height that the jet could achieve?
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Flow Through A Small Orifice
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation