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What is Arduino?

•Arduino Uno is a development board

based on the ATmega328P.
The Arduino Development
Board
•14 digital input/output pins (of which
6 can be used as PWM outputs).
•6 analog inputs.
•16 MHz quartz crystal.
•USB connection.
•Power jack.
•ICSP header
•Reset button.
•It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB
cable( or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.
•"Uno" means one in Italian and was
chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0.
Power Section:
•Every Arduino board needs a way to be
connected to a power source. The
Arduino UNO can be powered from a
USB cable(programming cable) coming
from your computer or a wall power
supply that is terminated in a DC jack.
•The USB connection is also how you
will load code onto your Arduino board.

•Do NOT use a power supply greater

than 12 Volts as you will overpower
(and thereby destroy) your Arduino.
•The recommended voltage for most
Arduino models is between 7 and 12
Volts.

•The USB can be also use to power the

development board up to 5V.
Pin Section(Atmega 328 ic):

•The pins on your Arduino are the

places where you connect wires to
construct a circuit (probably in
conjunction with a breadboard and
some wire).
•They usually have black plastic
‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a
wire right into the board. The Arduino
has several different kinds of pins,
each of which is labeled on the board
and used for different functions.
•GND : Short for ‘Ground’. There are
several GND pins on the Arduino, any
of which can be used to ground your
circuit.
•5V & 3.3V : As you might guess, the 5V
pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power.

•Most of the simple components used

with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or
3.3 volts.
•Analog : The area of pins under the
‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the
UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins
can read the signal from an analog
sensor (like a temperature sensor) and
convert it into a digital value that we
can read.
•Digital : Across from the analog pins
are the digital pins (0 through 13 on
the UNO). These pins can be used for
both digital input (like telling if a
button is pushed) and digital output
(like powering an LED).
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•PWM : You may have noticed the tilde
(~) next to some of the digital pins (3,
5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These
pins act as normal digital pins, but can
also be used for something called
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).
•These pins as being able to simulate
analog output (like fading an LED in
and out).
•Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a
technique for getting analog results
with digital means. Digital control is
used to create a square wave, a signal
switched between on and off.
•This on-off pattern can simulate
voltages in between full on (5 Volts)
and off (0 Volts) by changing the
portion of the time the signal spends
on versus the time that the signal
spends off. The duration of "on time" is
called the pulse width.
•To get varying analog values, you
change, or modulate, that pulse width.
If you repeat this on-off pattern fast
enough with an LED for example, the
result is as if the signal is a steady
voltage between 0 and 5v controlling
the brightness of the LED.
•AREF: Stands for Analog Reference.
Most of the time you can leave this pin
alone. It is sometimes used to set an
external reference voltage (between 0
and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.
•ICSP Pins: These pins are in advance
used in robotics application. These are
also the pins which has an ISP( in
system programming) facility in which
the main IC is pre-programmed with a
program.
•ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial
Programming and it is a protocol used
to programme micro controllers like
the PIC and the AVR chips,etc.
ICSP pins are used for programming
arduino or atmega chip by another
arduino or connecting the arduino
board to a computer for uploading a
sketch.
•TX & RX: TX is short for transmit, RX
is short for receive. These markings
appear quite a bit in electronics to
indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication.
•In our case, there are two places on
the Arduino UNO where TX and RX
appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1,
and a second time next to the TX and
RX indicator LEDs.
•These LEDs will give us some nice
visual indications whenever our
Arduino is receiving or transmitting
data (like when we’re loading a new
program onto the board).
•Parallel interfaces transfer multiple
bits at the same time. They usually
require buses of data - transmitting
across eight, sixteen, or more wires.
Data is transferred in huge, crashing
waves of 1’s and 0’s.
•Serial interfaces stream their data,
one single bit at a time. These
interfaces can operate on as little as
one wire, usually never more than four.
•Think of the two interfaces as a
stream of cars: a parallel interface
would be the 8+ lane mega-highway,
while a serial interface is more like a
two-lane rural country road. Over a set
amount of time, the mega-highway
potentially gets more people to their
destinations.
Parallel communication certainly has
its benefits. It’s fast, straightforward,
and relatively easy to implement. But it
requires many more input/output (I/O)
lines.
If you’ve ever had to move a project
from a basic Arduino Uno to a Mega,
you know that the I/O lines on a
microprocessor can be precious and
few.
Power LED Indicator:
•Just beneath and to the right of the
word “UNO” on your circuit board,
there’s a tiny LED next to the word
‘ON’ . This LED should light up
whenever you plug your Arduino into a
power source.
•If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a
good chance something is wrong. Time
to re-check your circuit!
RESET BUTTON:
• The Arduino has a reset button.
Pushing it will temporarily connect the
reset pin to ground and restart any
code that is loaded on the Arduino.,
blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually
fix any problems.
•This can be very useful if your code
doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it
multiple times.
•If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a
good chance something is wrong. Time
to re-check your circuit!
The voltage regulator:
•It is not something you can (or
should) interact with on the Arduino.
But it is potentially useful to know that
it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it
controls the amount of voltage that is
let into the Arduino board.
•Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it
will turn away an extra voltage that
might harm the circuit. Of course, it
has its limits, so don’t hook up your
Arduino to anything greater than 12
volts.
Capacitors:
•A capacitor will try to keep the voltage
constant, when there are changing
currents in a circuit.
This is what is called a "Bypass
Capacitor", because it conducts any
changes in voltage to ground.
•If there is a constant changing AC
signal "trying to change the voltage"
like in a power supply, a capacitor can
act as a "Filter Capacitor", and
"smoothes" the voltage so that it is
more like pure DC.
Atmega 328 microcontroller:
•Atmega 328 IC is the brain of the
Arduino board.
•It has 28 pins out of which, 14 are
digital pins, 6 are analog pins and
there are 20 data pins.
•It has 2kb of SRAM.
•1 kb of EEPROM.
•And runs on 5V.
•The origin of the Arduino project
started at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy.
•At that time, the students used
a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a
cost of $100, a considerable expense
for many students.
•In 2004, Colombian student Hernando
Barragán created the development
platform Wiring as a Master's thesis
project at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.
•The project goal was to create low
cost, simple tools for non-engineers to
create digital projects.
•Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who
are known for work on
the Processing language were
supervisors for his thesis.
•The Wiring platform consisted of a
hardware PCB with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on
Processing and library functions to
easily program the microcontroller.
•In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David
Mellis, an IDII student, and David
Cuartielles, added support for the
cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to
Wiring.
•But instead of continuing the work on
Wiring, they forked (or copied) the
Wiring source code and started
running it as a separate project, called
Arduino.
•The name Arduino comes from a bar
in Ivrea, where some of the founders of
the project used to meet. The bar was
named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was
the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to
1014.
Arduino Based Home Automation
System:
•The project is designed by using
Arduino Uno board for the development
of home automation system with
Bluetooth which is remotely controlled
and operated by an Android OS smart
phone.
•Houses are becoming smarter and
well developed by using such kind of
advanced technologies.
•Modern houses are gradually
increasing the way of design by shifting
to centralized control system
with remote controlled switches instead
of conventional switches.
•In order to achieve this, a Bluetooth
module is interfaced to the Arduino
Uno board at the receiver end while on
the transmitter end, a Graphical User
Interface application on the cell phone
sends ON/OFF commands to the
receiver where loads are connected.
•By touching the identified location on
the Graphical User Interface, lamps are
used as loads in this project can be
turned ON/OFF remotely by using this
technology.
•The loads are operated by using
Arduino Uno board through thyristors
using triacs and OPTO-Isolators.
Arduino based Auto Intensity
Control of Street Lights:
•As the intensity is cannot be controlled
by using High Intensity Discharge (HID)
lamps power saving is not possible
in street lights with these lamps as the
density on roads is decreasing from
peak hours of nights to early morning.
•Thus, this system overcomes this
problem by controlling the intensity of
LED lights on street by gradually
reducing intensity by controlling the
voltage applied to these lamps.
•This system uses arduino board
to produce PWM pulses and it is
programmed in such a way that it
decreases the voltage applied to these
lamps gradually till late nights and
completely shutdowns at morning.
•Thus, Arduino development board can
sense the environment by receiving
input from different sensors and
affects its surroundings by controlling
motors, lights and other actuators.
•The microcontroller on the board is
programmed using the Arduino
programming language.
The Obstacle Avoidance Robot
Operated with Arduino:
•The main concept of this project is to
design a robot using ultrasonic
sensors to avoid the obstacle.
• A robot is a machine and it is a
combination of programs instructions
and motors.
•It can perform some task with some
guidance or automatically.
•This robotic vehicle has an intelligence
which is built inside of the robot.
•When a obstacle problem comes ahead
of it then, it guides itself.
•This robot is designed with a
microcontroller from Atmel family of
Aduino board.
Arduino based Controlling of
Electrical Appliances using IR:

•The main goal of this project is to

control the electrical appliances using
an IR remote.
•This project uses the TV remote to
transmit the coded data, then it is
received by a sensor which is
interfaced to the control unit.
•The proposed system controls the
electrical loads depending on the
transmitted data from the remote.
•Operating electrical appliances are
very difficult for handicapped or senior
people.
•This project gives the solution by
integrating household appliances to a
control unit which can be operated with
a TV remote.
Arduino Uno Traffic Light
Controller:
•Its quite a simple project so the circuit
is quite simple as well.
•Three LEDs are plugged with arduino
and obviously they are Green, Yellow
and Red in color.
•These LEDs are attached to pins 2,3
and 4 of Arduino UNO.

•Now next step is to write the Arduino

Code for Traffic Signal Control using
Arduino.
Monitoring Garage Doors Using
Arduino:
•This project monitors two garage
doors.
•On the LCD screen you can see the
last movements of your doors.
•When a door opens or closes the
movements are logged.
•A door that is not completely opened
or stays open for to long triggers an
alarm.
•Alarms are send by sms.
•Using one (for security reasons) other
mobile number it is possible to send a
command to open or close a door.
•Only acceptable commands are
processed (close when door is open or
open when door is closed).
•Sms is used as a communication
system as this is more secure as a
plain internet connection.
•In order to check the door state
proximity magnetic switches are used.
Of course those can be replaced by
micro switches.
•Relay Module controls the doors.
Dance pad with arduino:
•The way this project works is first
open the 1Sheeld app on a
Smartphone, choose GLCD shield for
display dance instructions (arrows)
and music player shield for choosing
music to play while dance.
•And then follow the instructions of the
dance by hitting the same arrows with
your legs on the dance pad.
•The concept of how it work is very
simple.
•When programming the Arduino pins
(pull up), pins are always high (5 V),
but the pins can go to low level (0 V)
when touching ground.
•So, first take two cellophane papers:
one fixed on face board (cellophane1)
and another fixed on the back of dance
panel piece (cellophane2).
•Place the foam on the face board, then
place the piece of wood.
•The dancer will hit the dance pad
arrows (the same arrows that display
on smartphone screen).
• If the hit is the correct, the score will
increase by one and the music will
continue.
•If it is incorrect, it will pause the
music for less than a second.
Burglar alarm using arduino:
•This system detects a motion – an
intruder or a burglar using PIR sensor.
•Activates the buzzer alarm upon
detection of burglar/intruder – Alarm
should sound until reset switch is
pressed.
•Sends 3 SMS to a predefined mobile
number set inside the program.
•Stops the alarm when reset switch is
pressed. Also reactivate the SMS alert
facility upon reset.
Digital Thermometer sensor
using arduino:
•This application is based on Arduino
which communicates here with LM35
temperature sensor and a 16x2 display
unit.
•We can divide this arduino based
thermometer into three sections -
one senses the temperature by using
temperature sensor LM 35, second
section converts the temperature value
into a suitable numbers in Celsius
scale which is done by Arduino.
•And last part of system displays
temperature on LCD.
Remote controlled car using
arduino:
•This car controlled by using Android
mobile phone instead of any other
method like buttons, gesture etc.
•Here only needs to touch button in
android phone to control the car in
forward, backward, left and right
directions.
•So here android phone is used as
transmitting device and Bluetooth
module placed in car is used as
receiver.
•In this project we have used a toy car
for demonstration. Here we have
selected a RF toy car with moving left
right steering feature.
•After buying this car we have replaced
its RF circuit with our Arduino circuit.
•This car have two dc motors at its
front and rear side. Front side motor is
used for giving direction to car means
turning left or right side (like real car
steering feature).
•And rear side motor is used for driving
the car in forward and backward
•A Bluetooth module is used to receive
command from android phone and
Arduino UNO is used for controlling the
whole system.
Arduino in mobile phones(GSM
Module):
•There are two ways of connecting GSM
module to arduino. In any case, the
communication between Arduino and
GSM module is serial.
•So we are supposed to use serial pins
of Arduino (Rx and Tx).
•So if you are going with this method,
you may connect the Tx pin of GSM
module to Rx pin of Arduino and Rx pin
of GSM module to Tx pin of Arduino.
•You read it right ? GSM Tx –> Arduino
Rx and GSM Rx –> Arduino Tx.
•Now connect the ground pin of
arduino to ground pin of gsm module!
So that’s all! You made 3 connections
and the wiring is over!
•Now you can load different programs
to communicate with gsm module and
make it work.
Quadcopter using Arduino
Uno(Drone):
•This application consist of an Android
Smartphone and an Arduino board; the
Smartphone handles navigation and
makes decisions.
•On the other hand Arduino board
houses all the required sensors and
controls the quad copter (according to
the orders of the Smartphone).