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Chapter 1

Introduction

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Contents

History Engineering Drawing


Drawing standards
Drawing sheet
Scale
Lettering
Line types

Drawing instrument and their use

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History Engineering drawing

•Perspective drawing technique was invented during


the Renaissance period (1300-1500)
•Descriptive geometry was invented by Gaspard Monge in
1765
•Orthographic projection technique was invented during
the Industrial Revolution period (1770-1850)
•2-D CAD systems were developed in the 1980s.
•3-D CAD systems were developed in the 1990s

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Important of Engineering drawing

1. Try to write a description of


this object.

2. Test your written description


by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or visualize
from your description.

You can easily understand that …

The word language is inadequate for describing the size,


size
shape and features completely as well as concisely.
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Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing
“Engineering drawing” or “blueprint” uses lines to
represent the features of an object.

Features of an object are surface (include plane)


plane and
edge.
edge Surface
Edge

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Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
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Knowledge and Skills Require
Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Geometric Projection
construction method Dimensions & Notes

Using line types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.


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Drawing Standard

Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types


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Definition and Necessity
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey


the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

Example of standards
1.ISO Standards
2.ASME Standards
3.BS Standards
4.DIN Standards
5.JIS Standards
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Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet

Drawing standard Contents


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Drawing Sheet : Standard size
Trimmed paper of A4

a size A0 ~ A4.
A3

Standard sheet size


A2
(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
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Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
1. Type X (A0~A4)

c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 5 10
Border d Drawing space
c
A3 10 20
lines
A2 10 20
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
c

Title block

Drawing
2. Type Y (A4 only) d space

Title block

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Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale

Drawing standard Contents


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Drawing Scales : Definition
Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a drawn
representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

Drawing Actual
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Drawing Scales : Designation
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size


SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.

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Drawing Scales : Notes
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the “true size” of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.

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Drawing Standard
Lettering

Drawing standard Contents


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Recommendation
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following
GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words
Not uniformly vertical.

Uniformity Not uniform in


- Size (or text height) thickness of stroke.
- line thickness Inappropriate space
between letters
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Style (this course)
Gothic vertical style.

Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital letter.

Text height 2~3 mm.


Space between lines of text is about of text height.

Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of a


capital letter.

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Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
Letters Sequence
& Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals

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Lower-case Letters

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Word Composition
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.

DRAWING
Non-uniform
spacing

D R A W IN G
Uniform
spacing

Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.


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Word Composition

DRAWING
Contour

Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and “curve”.


Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.

Spacing
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
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Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLO DIMENSIONSO AREO IN


MILLIMETERSOUNLESS
OTHERWISEOSPECIFIED

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Drawing Standard
Line Types

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Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line


Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line


Types of Line
Alphabet of Lines

Visible lines
Hidden lines
Center line
Break line
Dimension & extension lines
Section lines
Cutting plane lines
Phantom lines
Line Conventions
 Visible Lines – solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
 Hidden Lines – short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
 Section Lines – solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
 Center Lines – alternating long and short dashes
 Dimensioning
 Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
 Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension
applies
 Leaders – direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
 Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and the viewing position for removed partial views
 Break Lines – indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random “squiggled” line
or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
 Phantom Lines – long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
 Chain Line – Lines or surfaces with special requirements
Drawing instrument and their use

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Tools Shape to be drawn
1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles
T-square and triangles can be used together to draw
an inclined line with 15o increment, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o,
60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180o etc.

3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template

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