Early History and Colonial Period in Malaysia

IPK COLLEGE
1664, JALAN KULIM, 14020 BUKIT MERTAJAM, PENANG

TEL : 012-5203212 / 0125113212 / 04-5512588
www.ipk.edu.my
CHAPTER 1
EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL
PERIOD
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163)
PREPARED BY : Norshahana EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD
EMAIL : norshahana@ipk.edu.my
IPK COLLEGE
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PREHISTORIC ERA
The ancient history of Malaysia spans four main phases:

1. Paleolithic age
2. Mesolithic age
3. Neolithic age
4. Metal age
CHAPTER 1
PREPARED BY : Norshahana EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD
EMAIL : norshahana@ipk.edu.my
IPK COLLEGE
TEL : 012-5203212 / 0125113212 / 04-5512588
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GOVERNMENT SULTANATE MALAY MALACCA
THE ORIGINS OF THE HISTORY OF MALACCA
Year 1391, Vijaya in Palembang has been attacked by the Government of the Majapahit Empire (a rural
Government in Java)
Palembang Prince named Parameswara and his followers fled to Temasik (Singapore)
At that time have had their own political Temasik under Government naung Ayudhya, Siam.
Order of temasik at that time was the son-in-law of the King of temagi, namely Siam
After the defeat the order of Temasik, Parameswara was stay there
But in the year 1398, Ayudhya has made the Government's counter-attack on temasik.
This situation forces the parameswara and followers retreated to the Malay Peninsula
initially based at Muar, Parameswara later Sening tip, Bertam and finally in Melaka around the year 1400
PREPARED BY : Norshahana
EMAIL : norshahana@ipk.edu.my CHAPTER 1
EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD

IPK COLLEGE
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THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME MALACCA
MALACCA name closely related to the story of mousedeer and Melaka

tree
While resting under a tree, he viewed mousedeer kick her dog.
The event is considered unusual because the small mousedeer is able to
beat the dog.
Parameswara, choose the place for the Government.
He named the place as "MALACCA" in conjunction with the Malacca
tree name where he sit.
SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

EMAIL : norshahana@ipk.edu.my EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD
IPK COLLEGE
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GOVERNMENT OF MALACCA

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Fourfold dignitary system

King
Dignitary
4
Dignitary 8
Dignitary 18
Dignitary 32
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Function of 4 main officials in Melaka
1) Bendahara
• Main minister
• Advisor to king
• Must close and have royal blood with king
• Chairman of judges
• Choosing next king
• Stakeholder sultan

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2) Penghulu bendahari
• Treasurer in kingdom
• Control finances
• Collect tax
• Keep record of royal slaves
• Chief to all syahbandar

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3) Temenggung
• head of police
• Head of protocol
• Judge criminal cases on land
• The chief of the prison

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4) Laksamana
• The chief of the Navy
• Security guard of the sultan
• Diplomat to escort royal envoys
• Warrior during times of war.

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FACTOR THE GLORY OF MELAKA

1. syahbandar roles
2. laksamana dan “Orang laut” roles
3. Tax system
4. entreport port
5. Facilities in port
6. geographical location
7. Money system
8. effectiveness of Melaka marine law

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THE fall of Melaka

1. Administrative weaknesses
2. Weakness sultan Mahmud
3. The unfaithful attitude of foreign traders
4. The advantages of portugisic army
5. Decline in trade
6. Racial disunity

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Colonization of Malaya by FOREIGN POWERS

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1. Portuguese colonization
• 130 Year
• officer in charge of Administration is alfonso de Albuquerque
• build a'famosa.
• Use Administrative system of military
• the Portuguese lost the Dutch attacked 1961.

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Portuguese trade management system :

1. ships pay a mandatory tax 6%-10%
2. merchants need to get pass the authorization to trade
3. monopolize the main merchandise
4. discrimination against Muslim traders

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• Although Portuguese stay at melaka 130 years they not expand his
power.
• the main factors of the Portuguese expanded power to spread
Christianity.
• residual effects:
• 1. introduction of roman writing
• 2. Eurasian society
• 3. the use of the word Portuguese

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2. NETHERLANDS colonization
• 1559  Netherlands that earliest arrive at Malay Archipelago
• interested get spices, fruit nutmeg and wood clove,
• rapidity trade already push traders Netherlands merge shape
Company unite Indies east (CUIE)
• Purpose (CUIE)
•  dominate trade spice at archipelago Malay and monopolize trade
ore lead
• Caused purpose this Netherlands get rid of Portuguese

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• 1619  Netherlands successful dominate Betawi at island Java

• Betawi at make center harbor trade as alternative to the trader from all
world
• situation this cause deterioration effect Portuguese in Melaka
• Netherlands already some time attack Melaka for ensure mastery
Portuguese at Asia southeast disappeared
• action this also intend to wreck harbor Melaka and attract interest
trader foreign to come to betawi,

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• 1641  Netherlands successful get rid of Portuguese from Melaka

by help kingdom jOHOR
• 1795  through “Kew agreement” , Netherlands submit Melaka and
all ground colonies temporary to British because napoleon war in
Europe.
• when napoleon war end, british have to give back Melaka to
Netherlands
• British try to influence states
• competition between both power this, force they sign agreement
English -Netherlands 1824 and end Melaka fall to hand british.

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3. BRITISH colonization
• The British established the British East India Company (BEIC)
purpose –to manage trading at southeast Asia
• and China
• in the early stages--they do not intervene in the political affairs of
Malaya (TM) because they just want to monopolize economic results
only
• their attitude changed when their attempt to monopolize economic
and trade disrupted
• tin ore is TM's main output at that time.

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• insecurity in TM due to the struggle of the throne & the dispute

between the dark party of China (Ghee Hin & Hai San
• this has caused British to intervene in TM

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FACTOR INTERVENTION BRITISH AT MALAYA

wealth result Earth
• States Malay rich by ore lead, gold, ore iron, and charcoal stone,
2. revolution industry
• revolution industry cause British need ore lead to company canning food,
• States Malay rich by ore lead must be managed to get supply ore lead that continued
and into place market result output factory,
3. creation ship steam and opening canal Suez

• creation ship steam can accelerate travel and lead load that more many,
• opening canal Suez can shorten distance travel from England to ground Malay,

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4. ANXIOUS INTERVENE OTHER COUNTRIES

• British not will leave powers other mix hand in Southeast Asia.
• Netherlands already expand power to Indonesia, while France occupy
Indochina and Spain occupy Philippines.
5. exchange empire change basic British
• on year 1873 Party conservative take phones shoot leadership British from
Party Liberals. empire new British already change basis not mix hand to basis
mix hand,
6. Insistence trader accelerate Mix hand

• condition chaos arise result disputes at circle dignitary and fights share dark,
trader States strait urgent British mix hand and protect importance resurfacing
they,
• on year 1873 a total of 243 people trader States strait write letter to Secretary
ground colony British, Lord Kimberley for urgent British mix hand

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ADMINISTRATION POLICY IN BRITISH MALAYA
1. Resident system – perak Selangor , negeri Sembilan, pahang
2. The straits settlements ( SS)- penang , Singapore, melaka
3. The federated Malays States (FMS)- perak Selangor , negeri Sembilan, pahang
4. Unfederated Malay States (UMS)- Perlis , kedah, Kelantan. Terangganu
5. Decentralization- all states at the Malay peninsula

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1. Resident system
• Resident system constitute mix hand British in administration at

Perak, Selangor, N9 and Pahang.
• a resident be installed for each state like:
Perak (JWW Birch)
Selangor (JG Davidson)
N9 (Martin Lister)
Pahang (JP Rodger)

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• these circumstances threaten the power of the sultan

• reason the system threaten the power of the Sultan and dignitary:
 resident run all affairs administration state
resident force sultan receive counsel in all case administration (except things
Islam and custom custom Malay)
counsel resident must be obeyed and do
resident take all power and right levy tax (
resident eliminate practice slavery (slavery - practice custom from generation to
generation dignitary Malay)

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2. The straits settlements ( SS)

• Penang, Malacca and Singapore consolidated and known as
• States strait (NNS)
• Purpose :
 standardize and strengthen administration.
 economical expenditure.

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3. The federated Malays States (FMS)
• perak Selangor , negeri Sembilan, pahang(consolidated into 1 unit political)
• resident system have a lot of Weakness and they establishment FMS 1896
• first resident generals : frank Swettenham
• The position of resident maintained but under resident general order

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The British formed the FMS to overcome the weaknesses in the resident systems and standardize administrative
weaknesses in the Residen systems:
 resident not be given guide clear to run task,

 resident act as administrator,
 resident too ruling and not can be under guard by Governor SS.
 The administration of each State is not uniform because it has its own laws.
 Resident interfere with Malay customs and getting rid of slavery.
 resident introduce new tax.

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Unfederated Malay States(UMS)
• The combination is formed when british and siam signed an

agreement of Bangkok
• four state under Siam  perlis, Kedah, Kelantan & Terangganu
• adviser british placed at each state mentioned

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4. Decentralization( all states at the Malay peninsula )
• The decentralization policy characterized as an effort to reduce the power of the
Central Government by means of restoring some of that power to the State
Government

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4. JAPANESE colonization
o 1932 Japanese military have dominated the national politics
o 1937 began invading China
o 1941 Japanese attack Malaya
o 1942 the entire Malaya and Singapore fell to Japanese hands

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Japanese Victory Factors
1. British forces are not ready to face the war
• do not think Japan attacked from the North
2. Weakness defense sea British
• ship Prince of Wales and Repulse drowned by Japanese
3. Preparation of war by Japan
• British defence information (military and equipment)
• Send spy before come to malaya

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4. Advantages of the Japanese army

• Japanese soldiers trained in war, officers are capable and experienced
(Yamashita and Tsuji), good war tactics
5. The lack of British army

• there is no spirit of war
• the early stages losing to Japan; consists of foreigners (Sikh) –young
and inexperienced

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Japanese administration in Malaya
• Known as Malai Baru
• Recently centred on Singapore Singapore is known as Syonan-to
• Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan under one administrative
• Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu under the rule of Siam to avenge Siam Services
• Administration chaired by the Governor while the sultan only as Chairman of customs and religion

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The Impact Of Japanese Occupation
Politically
• strong political awareness Exists among people through propoganda '
Asia for the Asians ' Exists confidence to rule themselves due to:
experience working in Japan Assumption British cannot be defeated
has changed to the anti colonialists
• The difficulty in the process embodies the spirit of the State especially
among the Chinese and Indian
• Party Communist Malaya (PCM ) 1945 – 1948 was the most powerful
in Malaya that time.

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economy
 activity economy paralyzed - British destroy mostly property
thing and infrastructure before surrender lose
 trade with foreign countries break
 Food Crops such as cassava, introduced sweet potato and
Yam was plant due to rice decreased
 currency Distribution ' tree bananas money ' uncontrolled
 Infrastructure is not well handled

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social
• Chinese people oppressed by the Japanese
• many Malays and Indians were forced to build a Railway of death
between Thailand and Burma
• system education Japanese emphasize exercise morals from
academic

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1945-the Japanese army retreated from the TM when

losing power in the hands of allies and as a result of the
bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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5. BRITISH colonization
• when Japanese surrender lose, British take time 14 day before return
again to TM
• In the 14 day , party communist Malaya (PCM)) try dominate tm and
spark chaos
• PCM try overthrow system administration ready there is to replaced
by republic Communist Malaya
• this already spark incident battle races 1945  British return to TM

& try guard condition

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Communist control measures
1. DECLARE STATE OF EMERGENCY

2. BRIGG PLAN
3. TEMPLER PLAN ( NERVE WAR)

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BALING TALK
• In October 1955, Chin Peng wrote a letter to Tunku Abdul Rahman for talks
• On 28 and 29 December 1955 meeting between Tunku Abdul Rahman with Chin
Peng was held in Baling, Kedah Baling English School
• talks this represented by;
• Representative government - Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock
• representative MCP - Chin Peng, Chien Tien & Rashid Harapan
• Tunku Abdul Rahman ask so Chin Peng dissolve PCM, park weapon & surrender
• Chin Peng request they will surrender if kingdom agreed to recognize PCM as a
party political that valid
• The result - meeting mentioned fail because Tunku Abdul Rahman reluctant leave
gradually by requirement Chin Peng
SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU
CHAPTER 1
2163)
EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD
IPK COLLEGE
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The result – the meeting failed because of Tunku Abdul Rahman refused to
compromise with Chin Peng request.
Reason Tunku Abdul Rahman;
 Communist beliefs inappropriate in multiracial
 He readily consult with PKM if they change their mind
 When TM independent communist influence deteriorated
 On 31 July 1960 the government declared a state of emergency ends.

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THE LOCAL PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE AGAINST THE BRITISH
DOL SAID  (Naning)

RENTAP  (SARAWAK)
SHARIF Masahor  (SARAWAK)
Datuk Maharaja Lela's  (Perak)
Dato 'Bahaman  (Pahang)
WESTERNERS  (SABAH)
Antanom  (SABAH)
TOK beard  (Kelantan)
HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN Limbongan  (Terangganu)

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End

Early History and Colonial Period in Malaysia

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IPK COLLEGE

1664, JALAN KULIM, 14020 BUKIT MERTAJAM, PENANG

The ancient history of Malaysia spans four main phases:

GOVERNMENT SULTANATE MALAY MALACCA

THE ORIGINS OF THE HISTORY OF MALACCA

EARLY HISTORY AND COLONIAL PERIOD

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME MALACCA

MALACCA name closely related to the story of mousedeer and Melaka

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

Fourfold dignitary system

Function of 4 main officials in Melaka

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

FACTOR THE GLORY OF MELAKA

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

THE fall of Melaka

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

Colonization of Malaya by FOREIGN POWERS

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

Portuguese trade management system :

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

• 1619  Netherlands successful dominate Betawi at island Java

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

• 1641  Netherlands successful get rid of Portuguese from Melaka

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

• insecurity in TM due to the struggle of the throne & the dispute

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

FACTOR INTERVENTION BRITISH AT MALAYA

3. creation ship steam and opening canal Suez

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

4. ANXIOUS INTERVENE OTHER COUNTRIES

6. Insistence trader accelerate Mix hand

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

ADMINISTRATION POLICY IN BRITISH MALAYA

1. Resident system – perak Selangor , negeri Sembilan, pahang

2. The straits settlements ( SS)- penang , Singapore, melaka

4. Unfederated Malay States (UMS)- Perlis , kedah, Kelantan. Terangganu

5. Decentralization- all states at the Malay peninsula

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

• Resident system constitute mix hand British in administration at

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

• these circumstances threaten the power of the sultan

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

2. The straits settlements ( SS)

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

3. The federated Malays States (FMS)

• perak Selangor , negeri Sembilan, pahang(consolidated into 1 unit political)

• first resident generals : frank Swettenham

• The position of resident maintained but under resident general order

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

 resident not be given guide clear to run task,

SUBJECT : Malaysian Studies ( MPU 2163) CHAPTER 1

Unfederated Malay States(UMS)

• The combination is formed when british and siam signed an

• adviser british placed at each state mentioned