WORK AND

ENERGY
 CONCEPT OF WORK
Work is done when an object is moved
through a distance. It is defined as the dot
product of the force and the displacement.
•W = F • d
From the definition of dot product,
• W = Fd cos
where is the angle between F and d

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 Units of Work
• Look at the equation:
• W = F • d, the units are the units
of force times displacement.
• So, Newton • meter
• The Newton • meter is called the
Joule
• 1 Joule = 1 Newton • meter
•1 J = 1 N • m
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 Units of Work

• SI or MKS Newton•meter Joule

• CGS Dyne•centimeter Erg
• English Foot•pound ft•lb

• The unit is named after the English

physicist James P. Joule
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 • Not formally trained
as a physicist.
• He ran experiments
during his
honeymoon.
• He later found the
mechanical
equivalent of heat.
• Heat is energy not a
substance.
James Joule
(1818-1889) 5
Work Done by a Constant
Force

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Work Done by a Constant
Force

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 Work: positive or
negative?
• Work is a scalar quantity
• Work is positive when the
component of force and the
displacement are in the same
direction.
• Work is negative when the
component of force and the
displacement are in the opposite
directions.
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9
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 Work Done by a
Varying Force or on
a Curved Path
 Area under Curve is Work
Force

Displacement 12
13
Who’s Doing Work?
A B

C D

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 POWER !
• Power is the rate of doing work.

W Fd
P   Fv 
t t
Power is measured in units called Watts

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 Units of Power
• The units of power are:

Joules
 Watt
sec ond

J
W
s 16
 Other Units of Power
• A smaller unit of power is the erg per
second.
• In the British Engineering system, the unit
of power is the ft·lb/s.
• The larger unit of power is the kilowatt
(kW) which is equal to 1000 W.
• For practical purposes, a larger unit, the
horsepower is used.

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 The Horsepower
• 1 horsepower = 746 watts or 1Hp
is approximately equal to ¾ kW

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The Inclined Plane
A Simple Machine

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 Independence of Path

Work is the
same

For
c ea
ppli
Len ed
mg gth
Height of r
am
p

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Forms of
Energy

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Chemical Energy

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Solar Energy

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Electrical Energy

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Wind Energy

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Sound Energy

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Nuclear Energy

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Heat Energy

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Two Types of Mechanical
Energy

a. Kinetic Energy
b. Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is energy of motion.

1 2
KE  mv
2
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 Work-Energy Theorem
The result of work is that there is a change of
speed, or an acceleration.
W=F•d, but F = ma so
W=ma•d
From vf2 = vi2 + 2ad,
ad = (vf2 – vi2)/2
Insert into W=mad
W=m(vf2 – vi2)/2
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 Work-Energy Theorem

1 2 1 2
W  mv f  mvi
2 2

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 Work-Energy Theorem

W  KE f  KEi
W  KE
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 Work-Energy Theorem
The work done by the resultant
force on a particle is equal to
the change in kinetic energy of
the particle.

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Gravitational Potential Energy
The force of gravity does work. It
accelerates objects.
W = Fg • d
W = mg • d
W = mg • h
(h = height above a reference
point)
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Gravitational Potential Energy

PE  mgh

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 Potential Energy and Work
When work is done by gravity or
against it, the change in PE is equal
to the work done.

W  PE
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Work and Gravity

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Work and Friction

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 Conservation of Energy
If the only force acting on a particle during
its motion is a conservative force, the sum
of the kinetic energy and potential energy
remains constant. This is the statement of
the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY

KE + PE = constant = ME

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 Conservation of Energy
For an isolated system, (a system that
does not interchange energy with its
surroundings),
KE + PE + Q + (other forms of energy) =
constant
This is a statement of the PRINCIPLE OF
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. Energy
cannot be destroyed nor created, but may
be changed from one form to another.

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Spring Potential Energy

• Springs possess potential energy if

they are elongated or compressed
from their rest positions.
• This is called spring (or elastic)
potential energy.
• The formula is derived from Hooke’s
Law:

F  kx 42
Spring Potential Energy

1 2
PE s  kx
2
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 Conservative Force
• A conservative force is such that the work
done on the object is independent of the
path.
OR
The force does NO work as the object
moves around a closed path from start to
finish.

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Conservative vs. Non-conservative
Force
• Conservative • Non-conservative
– Gravity – Friction
– Elastic Spring – Air resistance
– Electric – Tension
– Normal force

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 Non-Conservative Forces
• A force is non-conservative if the work
done on an object is dependent upon the
path of travel.

W nc  KE  PE
W nc  (KE f  KE i )  (PE f  PE i )
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 In Summary
• Work is Force times a displacement.
• Kinetic Energy is 1/2 mv2.
• Gravitational Potential Energy
is mgh.
• The work-energy theorem is
W=  K.
• Conservation of energy
• Spring potential energy is ½ kx2
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Work Done by a Constant Force

A 1-kg block is dragged 40cm upward

with uniform velocity along a plane
inclined 30° with the horizontal by a
force parallel to the incline . The
coefficient of friction between the
object and the incline is 0.20. How
much work is done by the applied
force?
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A 1-kg block is dragged 40cm upward with uniform velocity along a
plane inclined 30° with the horizontal by a force parallel to the
incline . The coefficient of friction between the object and the
incline is 0.20. How much work is done by the applied force?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Work Done by a Variable Force

Can you determine the work done?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Work-Energy Theorem

A constant force acts on a body

of mass 4 kg and changes its
speed from 4 m/s to 8 m/s in a
distance of 20 meters. Find the
force.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Work-Energy Theorem

A brick of mass 1 kg is thrown along

a horizontal surface with an initial
velocity of 2 m/s. The coefficient
between the brick and the surface is
0.20. (a) What is the kinetic energy
and speed of the brick after traveling
a distance of 80 cm? (b) How far
does the brick go before coming to
rest?
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SOLUTION 4

a. The loss in kinetic energy of

the brick after traveling 80 cm is
equal to the work done against
the retarding force of friction.
b. The initial kinetic energy of the
brick is the amount of work done
by friction to stop it.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Potential Energy

What is the increase in

gravitational potential energy if a
person climbs a building 50 m
high if his mass is 70 kg?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Conservation of Energy

A spring has a constant force of 4

N/cm. It is compressed 4 cm from its
natural length and a block of 100 g is
placed against the horizontal
compressed spring. When the spring
is released, the block slides across
the smooth horizontal surface. With
what velocity does the block leave
the spring?
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A spring has a constant force of 4 N/cm. It is compressed 4
cm from its natural length and a block of 100 g is placed
against the horizontal compressed spring. When the spring
is released, the block slides across the smooth horizontal
surface. With what velocity does the block leave the spring?

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SOLUTION 6
The work done in compressing
the spring is equal to the
potential energy of the spring.
The spring, the block and the
smooth horizontal floor
constitutes a conservative
system.

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SAMPLE PROBLE 7
Conservation of Energy

A small object of mass m hanging

from a string of length L is
displaced a vertical height h = 10
cm and then released. Find the
speed of the object at the lowest
point of its path.

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A small object of mass m hanging from a string of
length L is displaced a vertical height h = 10 cm and
then released. Find the speed of the object at the
lowest point of its path.

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SOLUTION 7

The forces acting on the object

are the force of gravity and the
tension in the string. As the object
swings along a circular arc, the
work done by tension is always
zero. The work done by gravity as
pendulum swings equals mgh.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Conservation of Energy

A 3 kg block is projected up along

a plane inclined 30° with the
horizontal with an initial velocity
of 3 m/s. If it covered a distance
of 0.80 m along the plane, find (a)
the work done by friction and (b)
the force of friction.

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A 3 kg block is projected up along a plane inclined 30°
with the horizontal with an initial velocity of 3 m/s. If
it covered a distance of 0.80 m along the plane, find
(a) the work done by friction and (b) the force of
friction.

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SOLUTION 8
This problem constitutes a non-
conservative system. The work
done by friction is given by

Wnc  KE  PE

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Power

A motor lifts an object of mass 30

kg a vertical height of 5 m in a
time of 4 minutes. Find the power
developed by the motor.

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