Hydraulic Routing

(St. Venant Equations

And Numerical
Solutions)
And Hydrologic Model
 Routing
Hydraulic
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1

W
C a te
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st D
a n en
t si
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is
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2

St
fo rea
th od m
an w l e
th av ng
e e th
de i s a
pt mo fe
c
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h
of re g ted
Fl fo re by
di ow w at
er
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 • Lumped/hydrologic
-Flow is calculated as a function of
time alone at a particular
Types of location
-Governed by continuity equation
Flow and flow/storage relationship
Routing • Distributed/hydraulic
-Flow is calculated as a function
of space and time throughout the
system
-Governed by continuity and
momentum equations
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 The Saint Venant Equations were
formulated in the 19th century by two
mathematicians, de Saint Venant and
Saint Bousinnesque.
Venant
Equations The solution of the St. Venant
equations is known as dynamic
routing, which is generally the
standard to which other methods are
measured or compared.
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•Continuity equation
Q A Q-Discharge through the channel
 0 A-Area of cross-section of flow
x t y- Depth of flow
S0-Channel bottom slope
•Momentum Equation Sf- Friction slope

1 Q 1   Q 2  y
 
 
  g  g ( So  S f )  0
A t A x  A  x

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 na n t
f o r S t. Ve
pt io n s
s u m
As n s ligible
u a t io ns ar
e n eg

Eq -dimensional d ve r
t ic a l a c ce
le ra t io

is o.ne v ails an
•Flow p r e
p r e ssure
ic
y d ro s ta t i s smal
l.
•H r e
e c u rvatu s mall. ffects
a m l in n e l is n c e e
•Stre t h e ch a n e r esist
a
of r ib
m s lope d t o desc
•Botto io n i s us
e
a t
in g ’s equ
n le
•Man p r essib
o m
lu id is inc
f
•The 8
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
Q = inflow to the control volume
q = lateral inflow
Q Rate of change of flow
with distance
x
Q
Q dx Outflow from the C.V.
x
 (  Adx )
Change in mass
t
Reynolds transport theorem
d
dt 
0 d   V .dA
c .v . c.s .

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 Momentum Equation
From Newton’s 2nd Law:
Net force = time rate of change of
momentum
d
 F  dt Vd  VV .dA
c .v . c.s.

Sum of forces Momentum stored Momentum flow

on the C.V. within the C.V across the C. S.
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 Any of the following numerical methods
Numerical may be used for solving the governing
Methods Saint venant equations in conservation
form. Many schemes such as Total
for Solving Variation Diminishing (TVD), Essentially
Non-Oscillating (ENO) have been
the proposed in recent years for correct
Governing numerical solution of the governing
equations.
Equations

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Numerical techniques for the solution of expanded
Saint-Venant equations can be given as:

(i)method of characteristics

(ii)finite diference methods

(iii)finite element methods.

Of these methods, the finite element method is rarely used

when fow is approximated as one-dimensional such as in
the case of Saint-Venant equations. The other two
methods have been commonly applied for the numerical
solution of one-dimensional unsteady fow since 1960s.

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◦ The finite difference methods can
further be classified as explicit and
implicit techniques, each of which
holds distinct numerical
characteristics. A major advantage of
the implicit finite difference method
over the method of characteristic and
the explicit finite difference
technique is its inherent stability
without the requirement to satisfy
the Courant condition,, which sets
the criteria for the maximum
allowable time step. This requirement
to satisfy Courant condition often
makes the method of characteristics
and explicit techniques very
inefficient in terms of the use of
computer time.
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