Power Supply

Tajuk Power Supply

• Adaptor AC to DC
• Regulator DC (Paralel – Zener)
• Regulator DC (Series – Transistor/78xx)
• DC to DC Converter
What is a Power Supply?
Source Input Power Supply Output Load
1) Battery (DC) 1) LED
2) Wall Outlet (AC) 2) Micro
12 V 5V
1A 1A

• Electrical Definition of Power Supply

• Conversion of a voltage into an desired voltage
• Example: Car Battery (12 V)  Microprocessor (5 V)
• Efficiency Example:
• PIN = (12 V) x (1 A) = 12 W
• POUT = (5 V) x (1 A) = 5 W
• The remaining 7W (12 W – 5 W) of power is lost as heat
• The efficiency η is:

P 5W Power supplies are not

η  OUT   42%
P 12 W 100% efficient.
IN
 Unregulated Power Supply
Power supply is a circuit that provides a steady dc voltage obtained by rectifying the ac voltage.
The following is the block diagram of a power supply stage.

Step-down Ripple Voltage Load using

transformer Rectifier
Filter regulator dc voltage

High ac Low ac High ripple Low ripple Pure constant dc

voltage voltage dc voltage dc voltage voltage

Vm
Vm Vm
Vdc Vdc

   
            
 


n:1+1
Vac
fS  0.7
Ri
C IB RL
VZ IL
 Ripple and dc voltage
VO V= - m2t2 V= m1t1
n:1+1 Vmax
Idc Vdc
V
Vac=220V Vmax
Vmin
f=50Hz C RL
Vmax
Vdc
t2
V is higher t1
for high Idc T

V I V
dc voltage  Vmax   (from slope)V  dc Ripple voltage(rms )  (triangular wave)
2 2fC 2 3
I Idc
 dc voltage Vdc  Vmax  dc (from slope)  V 
4fC 2fC
 V  Idc
 where Idc  dc , f  frequency of ac voltage   Ripple voltage Vr (rms ) 
 RL  4fC 3
   V 
 and V Vac  2   where Idc  dc and f  frequency of ac voltage 
 max    RL 
 n   
 Ripple Factor VO V= - m2t2 V= m1t1
Vmax
Idc V Vdc
We have Vr (rms)  and Idc  dc V
4fC 3 RL Vmin
V (rms) Idc 1
Ripple factor r  r  
Vdc Vdc  4fC 3 4fRL C 3
t2
t1
T
Example:
10:1+1
Given the Power supply circuit shown, find
Idc
(a) output dc voltage Vdc (b) output ripple Vmax
Vac=220V
voltage Vr (rms) (c) ripple factor “r” f=50Hz C RL
Vmax 100 1k
Vdc
F
I 220 2 V
( a) dc voltage Vdc  Vmax  dc   dc
4fC 10 4fRL C
 1  220 2  1  Idc Vdc
Vdc  1    Vdc  1    31.1V (b) Ripple voltage Vr (rms)  
4 fR C  10 4  50  1k  100 4fC 3 RL  4fC 3
 L   
31.1 29.6
Vdc   29.6V   0.85V
1.05 1k  4  50  100  3

V (rms) 1 1
(c) r  r    0.05  5%
Vdc 4fRL C 3 4  50  1k  100F
 RC Filter in Power Supply

VC1 VC2

n:1+1
Idc t
Idc t
Vmax If C2 is in F and XC2 is in k
Vac=220V
f=50Hz 1.3
C1 Vdc1 R XC2  k (for f  60Hz) or
Vmax CR2LVdc2 RL C2
1.3 60 1.56
XC2    k (for f  50Hz)
C2 50 C2

I RL
Vdc 1 can be found from Vdc 1  Vmax  dc C2 opens for dc  Vdc 2  Vdc 1 
4fC1 RR L

V1(rms) V2(rms)
V (rms) VC1 VC2 V (rms)
ripple r1  1 ripple r2  2
Vdc 1 R Vdc 2
C2 RL
t t
Idc X
V1 (rms) can be found from V1 (rms)  V2 (rms)  V1 (rms)  C2
4fC1 3 R
Voltage Regulator IC
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator IC
n:1+1 Voltage regulator IC
Idc +Vi Vo=+12V
Vmax
Vac=220V Regulated power supply +12V
f=50Hz 1 2
Vmax C1 7812
C2 RL

Unregulated power supply 3

Vm
C1 is a ripple filter Vdc Vdc
capacitor (C1 > 100F)
       
C2 is a high frequency
filter (C2 < 0.1F)
IC Part Number Output Voltage Min input Voltage
7805 +5V +7.3V
7806 +6V +8.3V
7808 +8V +10.5V
7810 +10V +12.5V
7812 +12V 14.6V
7815 +15V +17.7V
7818 +18V +21V
7824 +24V +27.1V
8
 Example:
Given the IC regulator circuit shown, 7805 requires a minimum input voltage of
7.3V. (a) find the maximum load current IL that can be used. (b) if a maximum load
current IL = 500mA is required, what is the size of the filter capacitor? Take ac
supply frequency 50Hz.
n:1+1 Voltage regulator IC
Idc +V =15Vmax Vo=+5V
Vmax i
Vac=220V
f=50Hz 1 2
Vmax C1 7805 IL = ?
C1 = 250F

Unregulated power supply 3

Vm
15V
Vdc
7.3V

   

V 7.7
V  15V  7.3V  7.7V  Vr (rms)    2.22V
2 3 2 3
Idc Idc
(a) 2.22V  Ripple voltage Vr (rms)  (b) 2.22V  Ripple voltage Vr (rms ) 
4 fC 3 4fC 3
 Idc  2.22  4 fC 3  2.22  4  50  250   3  0.192 A  192mA Idc 0.5A
C    650F
2.22  4f 3 2.22  4  50  3

9
Types of Power Supplies AC-DC and DC-
DC Converters
AC to DC
V V
Vin = 110Vac
Vout =
AC-to-DC 12Vdc
t Converter t

DC to DC
V V
Vin =
12Vdc
DC-to-DC Vout = 5Vdc
Converter
t t

Power supplies can be categorized into AC-DC and DC-DC.

Types of Power Supplies DC-to-DC
Converters Types
Boost - Step Up (Switching Regulator)
V V
DC-to-DC
Vin = 5V Converter VOUT = 12V
“Boost”

t
Vin < Vout t

Buck - Step Down (Linear or Switching Regulators)

V Vin = 12V V
DC-to-DC VOUT = 5V
Converter
“Buck”
VIN > VOUT
t t

DC-DC Converters can be categorized as Boost or Buck.

Buck can be Linear or Switching regulator.
Types of Power Supplies Input Voltage of Step
Down Converter
VIN
15V VOUT
Buck -
15V
10V Step Down
Converter 10V
5V VIN > VOUT 5V
0V 0V
t t

The actual input voltage does not need to be a true DC value.

However VIN > VOUT for step down converter.
Types of Power Supplies
What is a “Switching” and “Linear” Power Supply?

“Switching” Power Supply

• The pass transistor operates in a digital fashion.
• When in regulation, the pass transistor (power transistor between the input and
output) is either completely on or completely off.
• An external passive component is used in the architecture for energy storage and
transfer

“Linear” Power Supply

• The pass transistor operates in an analog fashion.
• When in regulation, the pass transistor (power transistor between the input and
output) is always on.
• No additional passive component is needed to create the desired output voltage
Types of Power Supplies
What is a “Linear” Power Supply?
Linear Power Supply Saturation Linear

Collector Current
VIN Pass Transistor VOUT IB = 300 uA

(IC)
IB = 200 uA

Cutoff
IB = 100 uA
Control

Collector to Emitter Voltage

(VCE)

A “linear” power supply regulates the output by operating

the pass transistor in the “linear/active” region.

IC  β IB
Types of Power Supplies
Types of Linear Power Supplies
1. “NPN” or Standard

Linear Power Supply

Input Pass Transistor

Output
2. “PNP” or Low Drop Out (LDO)

Control

3. MOS Low Quiescent Current

Linear power supply can be broadly labeled:

1. Standard
2. Low Drop Out
3. Low Quiescent