ERT256

THEORY OF STRUCTURES

Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at

School of Bioprocess Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
+6019-5706232
REFERENCES

 Hibbeler, R.C. (2017) Structural Analysis. Ninth Edition in SI Unit.

Pearson Education, Malaysia (Text Book)
 Aslam Kassimali (2010) Structural Analysis (Fourth Edition).
Cengage Learning, USA
https://ubooks.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/book/raw/147235862762
5-hjv466dua25mrhsg-
bc7cf3ec31c42c74fabcb2966b9b6216/ASLAM+KASSIMALI+4ED.pdf
 William M.C. McKenzie (2006) Examples in Structural Analysis.
Taylor and Francis
https://civilenglineering.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/examples-in-
structural-analysis-2006-by-william-m-c-mckenzie-good-one.pdf
Online video (YouTube): Subscribe Dr. Structure
ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY
DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
INTERNAL LOADINGS IN
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

INFLUENCE LINE

DEFLECTIONS
 BEAM AND FRAMES:
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

Axial Force, Shear Force And Bending Moment

Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram
INTRODUCTION

 Two important parameters in this chapter is shear force and

bending moment: The result of internal force acting due to
response by externally applied load.
 Follow the 3rd Newton Law for equilibrium
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A
SPECIFIED POINT
 The internal load at a specified point in a member can be
determined by using the method of sections
 This consists of:
 N, normal force
 V, shear force
 M, bending moment
SIGN CONVENTION
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTION

 In general, the internal shear & moment functions will be

discontinuous or their slope will discontinuous at points where:
The type or magnitude of the distributed load changes
Concentrated forces or couple moments are applied

The results can be checked by noting that

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD) AND
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
 If the variations of V & M are plotted, the graphs are termed the
shear diagram and moment diagram
 Changes in shear= Area under distributed load diagram
 Changes in moment = Area under shear diagram
RELATIONSHIP
OF LOADING,
SHEAR AND
MOMENT
 PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS
1. Draw Free Body Diagram
 Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments & forces acting on the member in their exact
location
 Pass an imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to its axis at the point where
the internal loading is to be determined
 Then draw a free-body diagram of the segment that has the least no. of loads on it
 Indicate the unknown resultants N, V & M acting in their positive directions
By using the equilibrium equation:
2. Determine the support reaction
 Determine the support reactions before the member is “cut”
 If the member is part of a pin-connected structure, the pin reactions can be determine using
the methods of section
2. Determine the shear force and bending moment
 Internal loading at specific location, moments should be summed at the section about axes
that pass through the centroid of the member’s cross-sectional area, in order to eliminate the
unknowns N and V and thereby obtain a direct solution for M.
2. Draw shear force diagram and bending moment diagram
3. Indicate the maximum bending moment
EXAMPLE 1 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAM, POINT LOADS
Consider a simply supported beam as shown in Figure 1 carrying a
series of secondary beams each imposing a point load of 4 kN.
 i) determine the support reactions,
 ii) sketch the shear force diagram and
 iii) sketch the bending moment diagram indicating the
maximum value(s).

Figure 1: Simply
supported beam
 EXAMPLE 2: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM,
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTION LOAD (UDL)

Consider a simply-supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed

load of 5 kN/m, as shown in Figure 2.1 and 20kN/m as Figure 2.2
i) determine the support reactions,
ii) sketch the shear force diagram and
iii) sketch the bending moment diagram indicating the maximum
value(s).

Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2

EXERCISE 1

Compute the shear force (V) value and bending moment (M)
value at point C.
EXERCISE 2

 Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the

given system. Show the critical values on the diagrams.
Span length is 9 m.
EXAMPLE 3: SIMPLY SUPPORTED,
POINT LOADS + UDL
 A simply supported beams are indicated in Figure 3. Using the
applied loading,
 i) determine the support reactions,
 ii) sketch the shear force diagram and
 iii) sketch the bending moment diagram indicating the
maximum value(s).

Figure 3
EXERCISE 3

 Draw SFD and BMD

 EXAMPLE 4: CANTILEVER BEAM
Consider the cantilever beam shown in Figure 4 which is required to
support a uniformly distributed load in addition to a mid-span point load
as indicated.
 i) determine the support reactions,
 ii) sketch the shear force diagram and
 iii) sketch the bending moment diagram indicating the maximum
value(s).

Figure 4
EXERCISE 4

 Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in

figure as a function of x
 EXAMPLE 5: OVERHANGING BEAM

The beam shown in the photo is used to support a portion of

the overhang for the entranceway of the building. The
idealized model for the beam with the load acting on it is
shown in Fig. 5. Assume B is a roller and C is pinned. Draw
the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

Figure 5
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
FOR THE FRAMES
 A frame is composed of several connected members that are
either fixed or pin connected at their ends.
 The design of these structures often requires drawing the shear
and moment diagrams for each of the members.
 To analyze any problem, procedures of analysis:
1. Draw shear force diagram
2. Determining the reactions at the frame supports.
3. Then, using the method of sections, we find the axial force,
shear force, and moment acting at the ends of each member.
EXAMPLE 6: FRAMES 1

 Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the three
members of the frame. Assume the frame is pin connected at A,
C, and D and there is a fixed joint at B.
EXAMPLE 7: FRAMES 2

 Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown in
Fig. 8. Assume A is a pin, C is a roller, and B is a fixed joint.

Figure 8
 EXERCISE

 A gable frame is subjected to a snow loading, as shown in Fig. 7.

Draw the shear force, bending moment, and axial force diagrams

Figure 7
ASSIGNMENT 3

You can find the question from this link

https://www.dropbox.com/preview/ASSIGNMENT%203%20ERT2
56.docx
Due date: 26 April 2019
Written assignment
END OF TOPIC