Introduction to Structural

Analysis
CE2100
Dr. Anil Agarwal

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• Schedule:
• Classes on Monday 4:00 pm and Thursday 2:30 pm in room 220
• Tentative Grading:
• Exam: 40%
• Assignments and projects: 30% (One SAP2000/STAAD-Pro based project)
• Attendance and quizzes: 30%
• Instructor Information:
• Dr. Anil Agarwal
• Email: anil@iith.ac.in
• Office: C-426
• https://civil.iith.ac.in/anil-agarwal-profile/
• Office hours:
• Through appointment
• Text book:
• R. C. Hibbeler, Structural Analysis, 8th ed. in SI units, ISBN: 0-13-257053-4
• Lecture notes will be shared through google classroom
• Reference Material:
• Devdas Menon, Advanced Structural Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
• Course Content:
• Types of Structures and Supports; Free - Body Diagram; Forces and Moments; Analysis of Various statically -
determinate structures; Cables, Arches, Beams; Energy Methods and influence lines.
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Topics
Basic Information (2 lectures)
Structures and supports
Free-body diagrams
Recap of topics covered in Engineering Mechanics (2)
Determinacy and Stability
Determinate trusses: method of joints, method of sections
Shear and moment diagrams and sign convention
Determination of Deflections using conjugate beam method
Energy Methods (3)
Principle of work and energy,
Method of virtual work: beams and trusses
Castigliano’s theorem: beam and trusses
Influence lines: (3)
Beams, trusses
Series of concentrated loads
Envelop of influence lines
Indeterminate Structures: (4)
Flexibility Method 3
Where Does Structural Analysis Come
into Picture?
1. Architect develops a concept design
2. Loads are estimated (dead wt., snow, wind, earthquake, etc.)
3. Member sizes are assumed (a.k.a. proportioning)
4. Internal forces (axial forces, bending moments and shear forces, etc.)
are calculated
5. Stresses are calculated
 Strength requirements are checked. Go back to 3 if unconservative or too
conservative
6. Deflections are calculated
 Serviceability requirements are checked. Go back to 3 if unconservative.
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• Types of Structures
• Trusses
• Cables and Arches
• Frames/Girders
• Surface/Plate Structures

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Structural Elements
• Tie rods
• Beams
• Columns

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Types of Loads
• Dead loads
• Weights of “structural” and “nonstructural” members that are permanent
• Live Loads
• Weight of temporarily placed items
• Can vary in location and magnitude
Moving vehicles/trains, people’s weight, furniture, Fittings, etc.
• Local building or bridge codes tell us what minimum value should be taken
• Wind Load
• Earthquake Load
• Thermal Load
• Mechanical Vibrations
• Snow Load
• Impact/Explosion Load
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Types of Connections/Supports

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Supports for Coplanar structures

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Free Body Diagrams
1) Force vs shear force, tension force, compression force.

2) Moment vs a bending moment or torque.

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Two major classifications:
Determinate Structures
Indeterminate Structures

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 Frames

Two major classifications: n = number of frame parts

Determinate Structures:
• Simpler Systems
• A small lack of fit does not introduces stresses.
• Just enough supports/interconnections
provided
• Equilibrium equations are sufficient to calculate
internal forces
• Internal forces do not depend on member
stiffness values
• Number of unknown forces is equal to number
of equilibrium equations
• Planar frames: r = 3n; Planar trusses: b + r = 2j
• Given that the structure is stable
r = number of unknown forces
Trusses
b = number of bars
r = number of reaction forces
j = number of joints
Indeterminate Structures:
• More complex systems
• A small lack of fit introduces stresses.
• More supports/interconnectivity is provided than
the minimum required for structural stability
• Require compatibility conditions and constitutive
laws to calculate internal forces
• Which needs member stiffnesses as input
information
• Number of unknown forces is greater than the
number of equilibrium equations
• (r >3n; b+r > 2j)
• Given that the structure is stable 12
 Two major classifications:
• Indeterminacy is also called redundancy n = number of frame parts
• Planar frames: r - 3n; Planar trusses: b + r - 2j r = number of unknown forces
• Given that the structure is stable

b = number of bars
• Implies that so many supports or connections can be r = number of reaction forces
j = number of joints
removed and the structure will remain stable.
• These supports or connections should have been the source of
redundancy

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Example: Stresses due to misfit
Indeterminate

vs. or

Determinate Indeterminate

vs.
Indeterminate
Determinate

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 Stability and Determinacy:
• i = r - 3n (Plane frame) or i = b + r - 2j (Plane truss) n = number of frame parts
r = number of unknown forces
(Space frame?)
• If i < 0, definitely instable (Sufficient but not necessary condition)
• If i = 0, determinate if stable
b = number of bars
• If i > 0, indeterminate if stable r = number of reaction forces
j = number of joints

Definite way of telling whether a structure is stable or

not: Stiffness matrix should be invertible (i.e., det[K*]≠0)

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Example: Stability

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 Analysis of Determinate Trusses: D P

The method of Sections: Solve equilibrium for a portion of the C L

truss
• Specially helpful if only a few member forces are to be found B

A G
Example: E F
Determinate: yes, because b+r-2j = 11+3-2*7 = 0 L
Find force in member BF:
Overall equilibrium will give support reactions: BC
Take section as shown:

∑ Mz=0: BF*L/(2√2)=0: BF = 0 BF
∑ Fy=0: P + BC/√2 -BF/√2 =0: BC= -P √2
EF
∑ Fx=0: P+ BC/√2 + EF =0: EF=0 P

P 17
 Analysis of Determinate Trusses: C P

• The method of joints: Solve equilibrium equations at B L

joints

Example: 45o
A D
Determinate: yes because b+r-2j = 5+3-2*4 = 0
Force in member BD =? L
P P √2

Joint (C): P √2 Joint (A):

P 0
P P

0 P √2
P
Joint (D): Joint (B):
0 P √2 0
P
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 Analysis of Determinate Trusses:
• Either of these methods may not work as easily in some situations
• This truss is a determinate truss: total 12 equations and 12 unknowns
• Assuming tension to be +ve
Equilibrium at E: EF cos30 - DE cos30 - 3 = 0
EF sin 30 + DE sin 30 + BE =0
• Likewise, at each node, we have two equations and more than two
unknowns
• Therefore, these 12 algebraic equations need to be solved
simultaneously.
• There is a trick presented in the text book page 116.
• Remove a bar (AD) so that ‘A’ has only two bars (unknowns).
• Add an imaginary bar (EC) instead.
• Solve the modified truss for the applied load ‘P’. Find force in EC (ECp). Roller
• Apply equal and opposite unit forces on ‘A’ and ‘D’ as if AD were in tension and support
find the corresponding force in EC (ECAD).
• In reality force in EC is zero. Therefore, ECP + X. ECAD = 0. X will give the load in
AD due to external load P.
• Now we can solve for other members as well. 19
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 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Positive sign conventions

ΔV   w( x)dx
ΔM   V( x)dx

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 w w
Examples
L L

wL/2 wL/6 wL/3

wL/2
x
Mx Mx
Vx Vx
wL/2 wL/6
x

Vx = w L/6 – w*(x/L) *(x/2) = wL/6 – w x2/ 2L

Vx = w L/2 – w.x
Mx = w L x/6 – (wx2/2L)*(x/3) = wLx/6 – wx3/6L
Mx = w L x/2 – w.x2/2

Vx

Mx

*see last page of the text book for geometric properties

of areas 22