Lecture 2

Structural System Overview

CVEN 444 -Structural Concrete Design

January 15, 2003
Presentation Overview
1. RC structural systems
2. RC structural members
3. Advantages and disadvantages of
concrete structures

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 2

ign
 One-Way Joist Floor System
Rib (joist) slab : (One-way bending)

2D gravity or
lateral frames

2D lateral frames

Floor joists, type

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 3

ign
 One-Way Joist Floor System
Rib (joist) slab with beams: (One-way bending)

Lateral space frame

Floor joists, type

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 4

ign
 One-Way Joist Floor System
Typical Joist
Top of Slab

8-24” for 30” Modules

16-24” for 53” Modules
1:12 Slope, type 14-24” for 66” Modules .
Width varies
4”, 6” or larger • 2’ or 3’ cc. – Joists
• 4’ or 6’ cc. – Skip joists
• 5’ or 6’ cc – Wide-module joists

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 5

ign
One-Way Joist Floor System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids
Good vibration resistance

Typical Applications:
Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
For 30” modules, 35’ – 40’ spans
For 53” & 66” modules, 35’ – 50’ spans

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 6

ign
 Two-Way Joist Floor System
Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)

2D lateral frames

Waffle pans, type

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 7

ign
Two-Way Joist Floor System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
Good vibration resistance
Attractive Ceiling

Typical Applications:
Long spans with heavy loading
For 3’, 4’, and 5’ modules, 40’ – 50’ spans and beyond

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 8

ign
Floor System Effective Cost
(PCA 2000)

100
Live Load, psf

Flat Plate Flat Slab One-way joist

50

25 30 35 50
Bay Spacing, ft
CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 9
ign
B. Lateral Load Systems
Frame Overview
Flat plate (& slab)-column (w/ and w/o
drop panels and/or capitals) frame
systems
Beam-column frame systems
Shear wall systems (building frame and
bearing wall)
Dual systems (frames and shear walls)

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 10

ign
Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or slab)
and column elements dominated by flexural
deformation

Planar (2D) Space (3D)

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 11

ign
Basic Behavior

Gravity Load Lateral Loading

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 12

ign
2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan)
2 or 4 frames , 2 frames 4 frames , 4 frames

Floor joists, type

Planar Space

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 13

ign
Frame Advantages
Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office
buildings, retail, parking structures where open space
is required.
Relatively simple and experienced construction
process
Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction
(less than about 20 stories)
In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced
concrete.

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 14

ign
Frame Disadvantages
Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral
deflections generally control the design process for
buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note
that concrete frames are about 8 times stiffer than
steel frames of the same strength.
Span lengths are limited when using normal
reinforced concrete (generally less than about 40 ft,
but up to about 50 ft). Span lengths can be
increased by using pre-stressed concrete.

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 15

ign
Frame Lateral Load Systems
Flat plate-column frame: Effective
slab width

Plan Elevation

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 16

ign
Frame Lateral Load Systems
Beam-column frame:

Elevation

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 17

ign
Frame Lateral Load Systems
Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the
lateral load resisting system
Lateral load
frame, type.
Plate element

Deformed shape
-Lateral load distributes
to frames proportional
to tributary area

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 18

ign
Frame Lateral Load Systems
For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally
considered rigid
Space frame with
square plan

Deformed shape has constant

lateral displacement - No
diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral
load distributes to frame
proportional to frame stiffness

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 19

ign
Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations
generally govern

Elevation
Interior gravity
frames
CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 20
ign
Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Elevator shaft configuration

Gravity frames

Shear walls
Hole
Coupling beams

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 21

ign
Dual Lateral Load Systems
Wall-Frame Dual System:

Lateral frames –
25% of lateral
load, minimum

Hole
Shear walls

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 22

ign
4. Structural Members
Beams
Columns
Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
Walls/diaphragms

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 23

ign
Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
L V
M M
V E,I,A  

Elastic Properties:
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending)  = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 24

ign
Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and
axial L V
F F 
M V E,I,A M  
Elastic Properties:
ka = EA/L (axial) a = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) b = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)
CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 25
ign
Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending &
shear

z
y
Mx, My, and Vz
x
x, y, and z

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 26

ign
Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear

y
Vx and Vx
x
x and y

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 27

ign
Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Economical

 Thinner floor systems Reduced Building Height

Lower wind loads
(< A) Saving in
Cladding
 Materials widely available

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 28

ign
Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Suitability of material for architectural
and structural function
 Concrete place in plastic condition - desired
shape & texture can be obtained with
forms and finishing techniques
 Designer can choose shape and size

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 29

ign
Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Fire Resistance
 Concrete building have 1-3 hour fire rating
with no fire proofing (steel and timber
require fireproofing to obtain this rating)
Rigidity
 Greater stiffness & mass reduces
oscillations (wind), floor vibrations
(walking)

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 30

ign
Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Low Maintenance
Availability of Materials
 Sand, gravel, cement, H20 & concrete
mixing facilities widely available
 Reinforcement - easy to transport as
compared to structural
steel

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 31

ign
Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures

Low tensile strength -

~ 0.1 fc cracking if not properly
reinforced

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 32

ign
Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Forms and Shoring (additional steps)
 Construction of forms
 Removal of forms
 Prepping (or shoring) the new concrete to
support weight until strength is adequate.
 Labor/Materials cost not required for other
types of materials

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 33

ign
Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Strength per unit volume is relatively
low.
 fc ~ (5-10% of steel)
 greater volume required
 long spans typical built with steel

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 34

ign
Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Time-dependent volume changes
 Concrete & steel undergo similar expansion
and contraction.
 Concrete undergoes drying shrinkage,
which may cause deflections and cracking.
 Creep of concrete under sustained loads
causes an increase in deflection with time.

CVEN 444 Structural Concrete Des 35

ign