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CONVECTION

HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTION
• Convection is the transfer
of heat by the motion of
liquids and gases.
– Convection in a gas occurs
because gas expands when
heated.
– Convection occurs because
currents flow when hot gas
rises and cool gas sink.
– Convection in liquids also
occurs because of
differences in density.
CONVECTION EQUATION

Heat transfer coefficient Area contacting fluids (m2)


(watts/m2oC)

Heat flow
(watts)
q = h A (T2 -T1)

Temperature
difference (oC)
CONVECTION
What happens to the particles in a liquid or
a gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out and


become less dense.
CONVECTION

when air or water is


heated, it expands,

rises and is replaced by cold


air from above.
Why air-conditioners are usually set up high on the wall?
Warm air is taken An air-
in by the air- conditioner
conditioner & gives out
cold air
cooled.
which falls.

This pushes
the warm air
up.
CONVECTION
Where is the Freezer
freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
In a fire, why should you crawl close to the floor in
a smoke-filled room?
Smoke is warmer than the surrounding air.

It rises & its places would


Smoke is
be replaced by the
toxic.
surrounding cooler air.

We should crawl close to


the floor to prevent smoke
inhalation.
immersion heater
is fixed near the
bottom

Air-conditioner is
usually installed
high on the wall
CONVECTION
• When the flow of gas or
liquid comes from
differences in density
and temperature, it is
called free convection.
• When the flow of gas or
liquid is circulated by
pumps or fans it is called
forced convection.
CONVECTION

• Convection depends on
speed.
• Motion increases heat
transfer by convection
in all fluids.
CONVECTION

• Convection depends on
surface area.
• If the surface contacting
the fluid is increased, the
rate of heat transfer also
increases.
• Almost all devices made
for convection have fins
for this purpose.
CONVECTION
• Both free and forced convection help to
heat houses and cool car engines.
CONVECTION
• On a smaller scale near coastlines,
convection is responsible for sea
breezes.
• During the daytime, land is much
hotter than the ocean.
• A sea breeze is created when hot
air over the land rises due to
convection and is replaced by
cooler air from the ocean.
• At night the temperature reverses
so a land breeze occurs.
CONVECTION
• Much of the Earth’s climate is regulated by giant convection
currents in the ocean.
• LAMINAR FLOW
Smooth streamlines
Highly- ordered motion
(highly viscous fluids in small
pipes)
• TURBULENT FLOW
Velocity fluctuations
Highly-disordered motion
• TRANSITIONAL FLOW

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REYNOLDS NUMBER

Flow Regime: Ratio of the inertial forces to viscous


forces in the fluid
Geometry
Surface roughness
Flow velocity
Surface temperature type
of fluid

Mean flow velocity


Characteristic length of
the geometry
Kinematic viscosity

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REYNOLDS NUMBER
• Critical Reynolds number (Recr) for flow in a round
pipe
Re < 2100  laminar
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000  transitional
Re > 4000  turbulent

• Note that these values are approximate.


• For a given application, Recr depends upon
– Pipe roughness
– Vibrations
– Upstream fluctuations, disturbances (valves,
elbows, etc. that may disturb the flow)
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HYDRAULIC DIAMETER

• For non-round pipes,


• the hydraulic diameter
Dh = 4Ac/P
Ac = cross-section area
P = wetted perimeter

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THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER

Flow region over the


surface in which the
temperature variation in the
direction normal to the
surface
Velocity profile influences
temperature profile

22
VELOCITY
A flow field is best characterized by the velocity
distribution, and velocity may vary in three dimension
 
 ( x, y , z ) in rectangular  (r , , z ) in cylinderical coordinates

One
dimensional
flow in a
circular pipe

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PRANDTL NUMBER
• Boundary layer theory
molecular diffusivity of momentum
 C p
Pr   
 k
molecular diffusivity of heat
Pr<<1 heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals,
tbl thicker
Pr>>1 heat diffuses very slowly in oils relative to momentum, tbl thinner than vbl

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FORCED CONVECTION:
LAMINAR FLOW

The primary resistance to heat transfer by


convection is normally controlled within a thin
layer of the fluid, adjacent to the immersed
body, in which viscous effects are important. The
quantity of heat transferred is highly dependent
upon the fluid motion within this boundary
layer, being determined chiefly by the thickness
of the layer.
FORCED CONVECTION:
LAMINAR FLOW
Prandtl’s Boundary Layer Equation
By applying Newton’s second law and the continuity
equation to an infinitesimal, two dimensional control volume within
the boundary layer, and assuming that
1. Fluid viscosity is constant
2. Shear in the y-direction is negligible
3. The flow is steady, and the fluid is
incompressible
4. The vertical pressure gradient is negligible
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER: FLAT PLATE
When a fluid at one temperature flows along a surface
which is at another temperature, a thermal boundary
layer develops. The thermal boundary layer thickness
is defined as the distance required for the temperature
T to reach 99% of its free-stream value T∞. And
assuming,
1. steady, incompressible flow
2. Constant fluid properties evaluated at film
temperature: Tw = Ts + T∞
2
3. Negligible body forces, viscous heating, and
conduction in the flow direction
PRANDTL NUMBER
Pr = ν = Cp μ
α k
is unity, which is approximately the case for
most gases (0.6<Pr<1.0). The Prandtl number for
liquids however, varies widely, ranging from
large values for viscous oils to very small values
for liquid metals which have high thermal
conductivities.
PARALLEL FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES
Blasius’ numerical solution with the corresponding values of u
and v and that the boundary layer edge, u/Vx = 0.99,
corresponds to η ≈ 5.0;

δ√V∞ / vx ≈ 5.0

δ ≈ 5.0 ≈ 5.0
x √V∞ / vx √Rex

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow commonly occurs


at 300, 000< Re < 600,000

30
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER: FLAT PLATE
The equation for heat transfer to flat plate;

Nu = 0.332 Re1/2 Pr 1/3


( 1 – ( xo /x) ¾) 1/3
Where:
Nu = hx L / k = Nusselt number
Pr = Cp μ / k = Prandtl number
Re = u L ρ / μ = Reynolds number
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER: FLAT PLATE
When plate is heated over its entire length, xo = 0

Nu = 0.332 Re1/2 Pr 1/3


When average value of Nu over entire length, x1

Nu = 0.664 Re1/2 Pr 1/3


(for constant heat flux, the coefficient 0.332 becomes
0.453, effecting an increase of the coefficient over an
entire length)
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER: FLAT PLATE
These equations are valid only for Prandtl
numbers of 1.0 or greater, since the derivation
assumes a thermal boundary layer no thicker
than the hydrodynamic layer. However, they can
be used for gases with Pr ≈ 0.70 with little error.
The equations are also restricted to cases where
the Nusselt number is fairly large, 10 or higher
since axial conduction, which was neglected in
the derivation, has a significant effect for thick
boundary layers.
PARALLEL FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES

 x L
Re L   5  10 5

Laminar (average coefficient)

hL
Nu   0.664 Re 0L.5 Pr 1 / 3 Re L  5  10 5
k
Turbulent (average coefficient)

hL
Nu   0.037 Re 0L.8 Pr 1 / 3 0.6  Pr  60
k
5  10 5  Re L  10 7
34
Laminar flow heat transfer to flat plate
Castor oil at 38OC flows over a wide, 6 m long,
heated plate at 0.06 m/s. For a surface
temperature of 93OC, determine a) the
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at the
end of the plate b) the local heat transfer
coefficient h, at the end of the plate c) the total
heat rate from the surface per unit width.
Assume the thermal diffusivity to be 7.22 x 10-8
m2/s and the thermal conductivity to be 0.213
w/m.K at the film temperature.
a) δ = 5.0 L = ?
√ReL
Re = u L ρ = u L = (0.06 m/s) (6.0 m)
μ ν 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s
Re = 6000
δ = 5.0 ( 6.0 m) = 0.387
√ 6000
b) Pr = ν = 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s = 8.31 x 102
α 7.22 x 10 -8 m2/s
h = 0.332 k u ½ Pr 1/3
νL
h = 0.332 (0.213 w/m.K) 0.06 m/s ½ 8.31x102

6x10-5m2/s (6m)
h = 8.58 W/m2.K
c) ȟ = 2 hL ȟ = 2 (8.58 W/m2.K) = 17.16 W/m2.K

q = ȟ As (Ts – T∞)
= 17.16 W/m2.K (6 m2/m) (93 - 38)OC
q = 5665 W/m
Laminar flow heat transfer to flat plate

Atmospheric air at 25OC flows over both the


surface of a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. the
flat plate is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 75OC. Determine
a) the velocity boundary layer thickness and the
heat flux at the trailing edge
b) the total heat transfer from the plate to air
Ťb = (75 + 25 )/2 = 50OC

ρ = 1.093 kg/m3 ν = 18.02 x 10-6 m2/s


k = 0.028 W/m.K

Pr = Cpμ = 0.703
k
Re = ρuL = uL = 5 m/s ( 1 m) = 2.775 x 105
μ ν 18.02 x 10-6 m2/s
a) δ = 5.0 L = 5.0 ( 1 m ) = 9.49 x10-3 m
√ReL √2.775 x 105

Nu = 0.332 Re1/2 Pr 1/3

Nu = 0.332 (2.775 x 105)1/2 (0.703) 1/3


Nu = 155.5

Local heat transfer coefficient

hx = Nu k / L = 155.5 (0.028 W/m.K) / 1m


h = 4.355 W/m2.K
q ’ = h (Ts –T) = 4.355 W/m2.K (75 – 25)OC

q’ = 217.74 W/m2

b) ȟ = 2 hL ȟ = 2 (4.355 W/m2.K) = 8.71 W/m2.K

q ’ = ȟ (Ts –T) = 8.71 W/m2.K (75 – 25)OC

q’ = 435.5 W/m2
LAMINAR FLOW HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE
TUBES
A large heat transfer engineering problems and of
importance involves the flow of fluids through
pipes, particularly in heat exchangers.
Conditions:
1. The velocity of the fluid throughout the tube
and at all points in any cross section of the
stream is constant, so that u = uO = V
2. Wall temperature is constant
3. Properties of the fluid are independent of
temperature
Fo = αtT = 4ktT = 4kL
rm2 CpρD2 CpρD2V

Gz = m Cp = Π Re Pr D ; Pe = Re Pr = DV
kL 4 L L

Gz = m Cp = Π Re Pr D = Π D Pe = Π
kL 4 L 4L Fo
LAMINAR FLOW HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE
TUBES
The Nusselt number for heat transfer to a fluid
inside a pipe is

Nu = hi D
k
where the film coefficient hi is the average value
over the length of the pipe and is calculate for
the case of constant wall temperature:
LAMINAR FLOW HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE
TUBES
hi =m Cp (Tb – Ta) > constant wall temperature
ΠDL ΔŤL
Since ΔŤL = (Tw – Ta) – (Tw – Ťb)
ln (Tw – Ta / Tw – Ťb)
hi = m Cp ln Tw – Ta
ΠDL Tw – Ťb

Then Nu = mCp ln Tw – Ta
ΠkL Tw – Ťb

Or Nu = Gz ln Tw – Ta
Π Tw – Ťb
LAMINAR FLOW HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE
TUBES
Asymptotic Limitation: Ťb = Tw
Nu = 2 Gz and Gz ≈ 10
Π
For laminar flow of fluids inside horizontal
tubes, correction factor for heating and cooling
Nu = 2 m Cp 1/3 μ 0.14 = 2 Gz1/3 Фᵥ
kL μw
Gz > 20 Nu = 2 Gz1/3
For liquids, μw < μ and Фᵥ > 1 when the liquid is
being heated and μw > μ and Фᵥ < 1 when the liquid
is being cooled. For gases, the viscosity increases
with temperature, so the inequalities are reversed.
However, the change in viscosity is relatively small
and that the term Фᵥ is usually omitted when
dealing with gases.
Convective correlations for constant q in laminar flow
with fully developed velocity and thermal profiles;
NuD = 4.364
Convective correlations for constant surface
temperature laminar flow with fully developed velocity
and thermal profiles
NuD = 3.66
For heating water from 20OC to 60OC an
electrically heated tube resulting in a constant
heat flux of 10 kW/m2 is proposed. The mass
flow rate is to be such that ReD = 2000, and
consequently the flow must remain laminar. The
tube inside diameter is 25 mm. the flow is fully
developed. Determine the length of the tube
required.

Ťb = (20 + 60) OC = 40OC


2
At 40OC;
ρ = 994.6 kg/m3 ν = 0.658 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 4.1784 kJ/kg.K k = 0.628 W/m.K
q = q (A) = q’ ; q = m Cp (Tb – Ta)
A
q’ (A) = q’ (ΠDL) = m Cp (Tb – Ta)
L = m Cp ( Tb – Ta) and m = ρu(ΠD2)
q’ (ΠD) 4
L = ρuDCp (Tb – Ta) but u = Re ν
4 q’ D
u = Reν = 2000(0.658 x 10-6 m2/s) = 0.0526 m/s
D 0.025 m

L = ρuDCp (Tb – Ta)


4 q’

= 994.6kg (0.0526m)(0.025 m)(4178.4 J )(60 – 20)OC


m3 s kg.K
4 (10000 J /s.m2)

L = 5.46 m
Air at 1.0 atmospheric pressure and 77OC enters a
5.0 mm ID tube with a bulk average velocity of 2.5
m/s. The velocity profile is developed and the
thermal profile is “developing”. The tube length is
1.0 m, and a constant heat flux is imposed by the
tube surface on the air over the entire length. An
exit air bulk average temperature, Tb = 127OC, is
required. Determine
a) The exit h value, hL
b) The uniform heat flux
c) The exit tube surface temperature
Ťb = 77 + 127 = 102OC
2
ρ = 0.9403 kg/m3 ν = 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 1.0115 kJ/kg.K k = 0.03184 W/m.K
μ = 2.1805 x 10-5 kg/m.s
ReD = Du = 0.005 m (2.5 m/s)
ν 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
ReD = 536 (laminar)

Pr = Cpμ = 1.0115 kJ/kg.K(2.1805 x 10-5 kg/m.s) = 0.693


k 0.03184 W/m.K
Since L/D = 1.0/0.005 = 200,
Consider the velocity and temperature profile to
be fully developed over the tube’s entire length

Nu = 4.364

Nu = hD / k ; h = 4.364 k/D

h = 4.364 (0.0318 W/m.K)


0.005 m
h = 27.79 W/m2.K = hL = constant
q = q’ As = m Cp (Tb – Ta)

q’ = ρ u (Π/4D2) Cp (Tb –Ta)


As

ṁ = 0.9403 kg/m3(2.5 m/s) Π/4(0.005m)2


ṁ = 4.615 x 10-5 kg/s

q’ = 4.615 x 10-5 kg/s (1011.5 J/kg.K)(127 – 77)OC


Π (0.005 m)(1m)

q’ = 148.7 W/m2
q = h A (Ts – T∞) q’ = h (Ts – T∞)

Ts = 148.7 W/m2 + 127 OC


27.79 W/m2.K

Ts = 132.4OC
• Nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure and a bulk
inlet temperature of 27OC is heated in a 2.5 cm ID
tube having a constant surface temperature of
100OC. The bulk average velocity is 1.2 m/s and
the tube is 1.5 m long. Determine the net heat
transfer rate to the nitrogen.
Ťb = 27 + 53 = 40OC
2
ρ = 1105 kg/m3 ν = 16.94 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 1.0415 kJ/kg.K k = 0.0271 W/m.K
μ = 18.37 x 10-6 kg/m.s μw = 20.86 x 10-6 kg/m.s
ReD = Du = 0.025 m (1.2 m/s)
ν 16.94 x 10-6 m2/s
ReD = 1,770.9563 (laminar)

Nu = 2 m Cp 1/3 μ 0.14 = 2 Gz1/3 Фᵥ


kL μw

Nu = 2 Re Pr 1/3 μ 0.14 = 5.037


L/D μw
hi = k Nu = (0.0271 W/m.K)(5.037) = 5.46 W/m2.K
D (0.025 m)
ṁCp = Π/4D2VρCp
= Π/4 (0.025m)2(1.2 m/s)(1.105 kg/m3)(1041.5 J/kg.K)
ṁCp = 0.678 W/K
Nu = mCp ln Tw – Ta ;
ΠkL Tw – Ťb
5.037 = 0.678 ln (100 – 27) ; Tb = ?
Π(0.0271)(1.5) (100 – Tb)
• q = ṁCp(Tho – Thi) =

• Check using qconv


ΔTlm = ΔT2 – ΔT1 =
ln ΔT2/ΔT1
• qconv = 5.504 W Π (0.025 m)(1.5 m)ΔTlm
= W
FORCED CONVECTION:
TURBULENT FLOW
For turbulent flow of fluids inside a pipe, the
relationship is given by the Sieder-Tate equation;
Nu = 0.023 Re0.80Prn Фᵥ
The effect of fluid properties on hi can be shown by
condensing the above equation assuming that
(μ/μw)0.14 = Фᵥ = 1
hi = 0.023 Gz0.80k2/3Cp1/3
D0.2μ0.47
FORCED CONVECTION:
TURBULENT FLOW
For turbulent flow cases where 10 < L/D< 400
we have

Nu = hiD = 0.036 Re0.80Pr1/3 (D/L)0.055


ESTIMATION OF WALL TEMPERATURE TW
ΔTi = ΔT
Do 1 1
Di hi Uo
ΔTi = 1/hi ΔT
1/hi + Di/Do (1/ho)

ΔTi = inside resistance ΔT


overall resistance

For heating : Tw = T + ΔTi


For cooling : Tw = T - ΔTi
Water at 30OC with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s
enters a 2.5 mm ID tube whose wall is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 90OC
calculate the length of the tube required to heat
the water to 70OC.

Ťb = (30 + 70 ) OC /2 = 50OC

ρ = 990 kg/m3 μ = 0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s


Cp = 4184 J/kg.K k = 0.644 W/m.K
u = 4m = 4 (2 kg/s)
ρΠd2 990 kg/m3 Π (0.0025 m)2
u = 411.55 m/s

Re = duρ = (0.0025 m)(411.55m/s)(990 kg/m3)


μ 0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s

Re = 1862141.93 (turbulent)

Pr = Cp μ = (4184 J/kg.K)(0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s) = 3.55


k 0.644 W/m.K
Nu = 0.023 Re0.80Pr0.4
Nu = 0.023 (1862141.93)0.80 (3.5538)0.4
Nu = 3962.91952

h = Nu k = 3962.91952(0.644 W/m.K)
D (0.0025 m)
h = 1020848.07 W/m2.K

q = hAΔTm = h (ΠDL) ΔTm = mCp (Tb –Ta)


ΔTm = ΔTi – Δto / ln (Δti/ Δto)
ΔTi = 90 – 30 = 60OC
ΔTo = 90 – 70 = 20OC
ΔTm = LMTD = 60 – 20 = 36.41 OC
ln (60/20)
L = mCp(Tb – Ta)
hΠD ΔTm
L= 2 kg/s (4184 J/kg.K) (70 – 30)OC
1020848.07 W/m2.K Π (0.0025 m) (36.41OC)
L = 1.15 m
• In a heat exchanger, water flows through a long
copper tube ( ID = 2.2 cm) with an average
velocity of 2.13 m/s. The water is heated by
steam condensing at 150OC on the outside of
the tube. Water enters at 15OC and leaves at
60OC. What is the heat transfer coefficient, h,
for the water?
Ťb = (15 + 60 ) OC /2 = 37.5OC
Properties at bulk fluid temp:
ρ = 993 kg/m3 μ = 0.683 x 10-3 kg/m.s
Cp = 4170 J/kg.K k = 0.630 W/m.K
Re = duρ = (0.022 m)(2.13 m/s)(993 kg/m3)
μ 0.683 x 10-3 kg/m.s

Re = 68,100 (turbulent)

Pr = Cp μ = (4170 J/kg.K)(0.683 x 10-3 kg/m.s)


k 0.630 W/m.K

Pr = 4.53
Nu = 0.023 Re0.80Pr1/3 μ 0.14

μw
Nu = 0.023 (68,100)0.80 (4.53)0.33 0.683 x 10-3 0.14

0.306 x 10-3
Nu = 313.1575

h = Nu k = 313.1575 (0.630 W/m.K)


D (0.022 m)

h = 8967.6922 W/m2.K
Determine the heat transfer coefficient for water
in a tube of 16 mm diameter at a velocity of 3
m/s. the temperature of the tube is 24OC, and the
water enters at 80OC and leaves at 36OC. Use the
a) Dittus – Boelter equation and the Sieder –Tate
equation
Ťb = (80 + 36 ) OC /2 = 58OC
Properties at bulk fluid temp:
ρ = 984.1 kg/m3 μ = 485 x 10-6 kg/m.s
Cp = 4178 J/kg.K k = 0.657 W/m.K
Forced Convection through Tubes
Air at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6 K is
being heated as it flows through a tube of 25.4
mm inside diameter at a velocity of 7.62 m/s. The
heating medium is 488.7 K steam condensing on
the outside of the tube. Since the heat transfer
coefficient of condensing steam is several
thousand W/m2.K and the resistance of the
metal wall is very small, it will be assumed that
the air is 488.7 K. Calculate the heat transfer
coefficient for an L/D > 60 and also the heat
transfer flux.
Water is flowing in a horizontal 1-in schedule 40
steel pipe at an average temperature of 65.6OC and
a velocity of 2.44 m/s. It is being heated by
condensing steam at 107.8OC on the outside of the
pipe wall. The steam side coefficient has been
estimated as ho = 105000 W/m2.K.
a) Calculate the convective coefficient hi for water
inside the pipe
b) Calculate the overall coefficient based on inside
surface area.
c) Calculate the heat transfer rate for 0.305 m pipe
SEATWORK
1. Three kg/min of liquid sodium is heated from a
bulk mean temperature of 400OC to 500OC, as it
flows through a stainless steel tube of 5cm ID
and is 2mm thick. The sodium is heated by a
constant wall heat flux, which maintain tube wall
temperature at 30OC above the bulk temperature
of sodium all along the length of the tube.
Calculate the length of the tube required.
SEATWORK
2. Air at 27OC flows normal to a 77OC, 30 mm OD
water pipe. The air moves at 1.0 m/s. estimate
the heat transfer per unit length.

3. Estimate the required tube length, L for the heat


transfer rate of 5768 W from internal water flow
at an inlet water temperature of 15OC and an
outlet water temperature of 25OC to a 0.15 m
diameter pipe at 0OC. The velocity is 0.16 m/s.
FORCED CONVECTION: TRANSITION
REGION BETWEEN LAMINAR AND
TURBULENT FLOW (6000 > Re > 2100)
Nu = 2 ΠD Re Pr 1/3 μ 0.14

4L μw

hi = Cp μ 2/3 μw 0.14

k μ

jH = 1.86 D 1/3 DG 2/3

L μ

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