Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Reinforced Concrete)
Chapter 6:
Serviceability
(Deflection and Crack Control)
1.
Introduction
Introduction
Vertical vibration for bridge and building floors, as well as lateral and
torsional vibration in tall buildings, can be quite annoying to users of these
structures. Vibrations, however, are not usually a problem in the average size
reinforced concrete building, but we should be on the lookout for the situations
where they can be objectionable.
This chapter is concerned with serviceability limits for deflections and crack
widths. The NSCP concentrates on very specific requirements relating to the
strength limit states of reinforced concrete members but allows the designer
freedom of judgment in the serviceability areas.
2.
Importance of Deflection
Importance of Deflection
The adoption of the strength design method and with the use of higher-
strength concretes and steels has permitted the use of slender members. As a
result, deflections and cracking has become a problem.
NSCP 407.3.1.1.1 and 409.3.1.1.1. For fy other than 420 MPa, the expressions
in Table 407.3.1.1 and 409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy/700).
b. 1.09
Control of Deflection
Minimum Thickness
Maximum Deflections
Camber
The deflection of reinforced concrete members may also be controlled by
cambering. The members are constructed of such a shape that they will
assume their theoretical shape under some service loading condition. A simple
beam would be constructed with a slight convex bend, so that under certain
gravity loads, it would become straight, as assumed in the calculations. Some
designers take into account both dead and full live loads in figuring the
amount of camber. Camber is generally used only for longer-span members.
4.
Calculation of Deflection
Calculation of Deflection
Deflections for reinforced concrete
members can be calculated with the usual
deflection expressions.
Calculation of Deflection
If the flexural stress is less than the modulus of rupture, the full uncracked
section provides rigidity; the moment of inertia of the gross section Ig can be
used.
If larger moments are present, different size tension cracks occur. The
position of the neutral axis then varies. A more exact moment of inertia
value needs to be used.
Calculation of
Deflection
Effective Moment of Inertia
where:
Ig = gross amount of inertia (without considering the steel) of the section
𝐟𝐫 𝐈𝐠
Mcr = cracking moment =
𝐲𝐭
Ma = maximum service-load moment occurring for the condition under
consideration
Calculation of Deflection
When the splitting tensile strength, fct is not specified, fr shall be multiplied
by 0.75 for “all-lightweight concrete”, and 0.85 for “sand-lightweight
concrete”. Linear interpolation shall be permitted to be used when partial
sand requirement is used.
5.
Long-Term Deflection
Long-Term Deflection
where:
ρ’ = value at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at the support
for cantilevers.
ρ’ = As’/bd, computed at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support for cantilevers, mm2
ξ = time-dependent factor as determined in NSCP Section 424.2.4.1.3.
Δ = instantaneous deflection, mm.
Δi = initial deflection, mm.
Δlt = long-term deflection, mm.
%sus = percentage of sustained load.
Long-Term Deflection
The deflections calculated should not exceed the limits depicted in NSCP Table
424.2.4.1.3.
Examples
(Long-Term Deflection)
Examples – Long-Term Deflections
a. Flexural cracks are vertical cracks that extend from the tension sides of
beams up to the region of their neutral axes. Should beams have very deep
webs, the cracks will be very closely spaced, with some of them coming
together above the reinforcing and some disappearing there. These cracks
may be wider up in the middle of the beam than at the bottom.
b. Inclined cracks due to shear can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete
beams either as independent cracks or as extensions of flexural cracks.
Occasionally, inclined cracks will develop independently in a beam, even
though no flexural cracks are in that locality. These cracks are called web-
shear cracks.
Types of Cracks
c. The usual type of inclined shear cracks are the flexure-shear cracks. They
commonly develop in both prestressed and nonprestressed beams.
d. Torsion cracks are quite similar to shear cracks except that they spiral
around the beam. Should a plain concrete member be subjected to pure
torsion, it will crack and fail along 45° spiral lines due to the diagonal
tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. Although torsion stresses
are very similar to shear stresses, they will occur on all faces of a member.
As a result, they add to the shear stresses on one side and subtract from
them on the other.
Types of Cracks
e. Bond cracks are due to bond stresses between the concrete and the
reinforcement which will lead to a splitting along the bars
When steel stresses are high at service conditions, cracks are visible. These
cracks should be limited to certain maximum sizes so that the appearance of
the structure is not spoiled and so as corrosion of the reinforcing bars does
not occur.
Control of Cracks
Definite data are not available as to the sizes of cracks above which bar
corrosion becomes apparent. Tests reveal that the following affect crack sizes:
Type of structure
Reinforcement size
Concrete quality
Cover thickness
Amount of concrete vibration
Shrinkage and creep
Exposure and environment factors
Other time-dependent factors
Control of Cracks
Where:
- cc = least distance from surface of
reinforcement or prestressing steel to the
tension face.
- fs = 2/3 of fy
Examples
(Control of Cracks)
Examples – Control of Cracks
1. Is the spacing of the bars shown in the figure within the requirements
of the NSCP 424.3.2 from the standpoint of cracking, if fy = 420 MPa?
5-28mm
Any questions?