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Pertemuan Ilmiah
PENELITIAN
PUBLIKASI ILMIAH
ATRIBUT PROFESIONAL DAN AKADEMISI
HARUS MENJADI CIRI DARI
SEMUA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS
KEDOKTERAN
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Answer possibilities:
Yes, it can be used
No, it can not be used
SOLVING
PROBLEM ANSWER
KNOWLEDGE SOLVING
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If it can be used, why ?
Basic logical reasoning :
9 1. Cancer has been caused of abnormal cells growth
4. p53 function has known as the guardian of the genome can be controlled by
anti oxidant
PREMISES
10
Conclusion ?
( Hypothesis )
BASED ON A LOGICAL SCIENTIFIC REASONING
Temporary answer
(hypothesis)
Xanthone from mangosteen rind extraction can be used as
an anti cancer
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE :
AN ACADEMIC FIELD WHICH STUDIES THE
PHENOMENON OF SCIENCE
• WHAT IS A SCIENCE ?
• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENCE
AND KNOWLEDGE ?
• HOW CAN WE MAKE A VALID SCIENCTIFIC
CONCLUSION ?
• WHAT KIND OF ABILITY/INSTRUMENTS DOES
SOMEONE NEED TO THINK SCIENTIFICALLY ?
11
HUMAN BEING
KNOWLEDGE
DEVELOPING
LOGICAL THINKING
o THE ABILITY TO THINK/ A FORM OF
REASONING
12
THINKING/REASONING
AN ACTIVITY TO FIND THE TRUTH OF KNOWLEDGE
CRITERIA OF TRUTH : RELATIVE
LOGICAL
BASED ON REASONING
ANALYTICAL
THE WAY OF
THINKING
ILLOGICAL
NOT BASED ON
REASONING
NON-ANALYTICAL
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BASED ON REASONING :
- ANALYTIC
ACTIVITY OF THINKING BASE ON APPLYING
CERTAIN STEPS/RULES TO ANALYZE A PROBLEM
14
WITH NO REASONING :
FEELING
INTUITION
NON-ANALYTIC THINKING ACTIVITY
WITHOUT A CERTAIN PATTERN OF THINKING
REVELATION
15
FACT/RATIONALE RATIONALISME
REVELATION BELIEF
16
AN EXAMPLE :
CONCLUSION
CAUSE OF GETTING DRUNK
IS WATER
NOT-VALID
17
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
INDUCTIVE THINKING
(EMPIRICALISM)
PRODUCE
KNOWLEDGE
2 STATEMENTS
(MAYOR PREMISE, MINOR PREMISE)
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- ALL CREATURES HAVE EYES
- HUSEIN HAS EYES
WRONG
SHOULD BE :
HUSEIN IS A CREATURE
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ALL ANIMALS HAVE EYES
HUSEIN HAS EYES
CONCLUSION
HUSEIN IS AN ANIMAL
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A VALID CONCLUSION DEPENDS ON :
1. THE TRUTH OF THE MAJOR PREMISE
2. THE TRUTH OF THE MINOR PREMISE
3. VALIDITY OF MAKING THE CONCLUSION
EXPL.:
- ALL CITIZENS SHOULD PAY THE TAX
- THE POOR ARE CITIZENS
FALSE
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TO GET THE TRUTH
DOUBT EVERYTHING
DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM !
= Everything doubtful be
(RENE DESCARTES)
IN SHAKESPEARE
HAMLET SAID TO OPHELIA
24
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
o LOGICO-HYPOTHETICO-VERIFICATIVE
o CONTINUOUS CONJUGATION (INTERACTION) BETWEEN
DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION (TYNDALL)
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RESEARCH
FORMULATE
THE PROBLEMS
LITERATURE ARRANGEMENT
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
(LOGIC) FRAMEWORK
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE RELEVANT PREMISES
TEMPORARY FORMULATE
ANSWER THE HYPOTHESIS
SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
METHOD NEW THEORY
26
Conclusion
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EXPLAINED
BY
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
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How to do Research
Research is all about addressing an issue or asking and
answering a question or solving a problem, so…
Identify an issue, question, or problem.
Talk with people who want or need your study.
Find out what's already known about it.
Talk with experts and/or read their reviews and the original
research on the topic.
Plan, cost, and do your study accordingly.
Write it up and submit it for assessment.
Better still, do a good job on it and submit it for publication.
Your work will benefit more people if you publish it.
Rule No. 1 in academia is publish or perish.
This slide show is about different types of research you can
do.
Dissecting the Dimensions of Research
My understanding of the various kinds of research
advanced when I identified various dimensions
(components) of research.
A former colleague regarded such analysis as a trivial
pursuit.
So there may be better ways to understand research.
Please let me know if you find any.
Meanwhile consider these dimensions:
topic: physical–biological–psychological–sociological
novelty: create new vs review published data or info
technology: develop new vs use existing methods
scope: study a single case vs a sample
mode: observe vs intervene
methodology: qualitative vs quantitative (info vs numbers)
ideology: objective vs subjective (positivist vs interpretivist)
politics: neutral vs partisan
utility: pure vs applied
Topic: what are you researching?
biophysical psychosocial
clinical behavioral psychological economic social
Examples
Clinical: the effect of a herb on performance.
Psychological: factors affecting work-place satisfaction.
Behavioral: how can we reduce truancy at this school?
Economic: characterize the productivity of new immigrants.
Social: develop risk-management procedures at a gym.
Finding a good question/problem to address can be hard.
It helps to have a good supervisor, good colleagues, and/or
knowledge or practical experience of and affinity for a topic.
You must read journals to find out what's already known.
Novelty: creating new or reviewing
published info?
create review
In an observational study…
The aim is to gather data or information about the world as it is.
So you hope the act of studying doesn't modify the thing you are
interested in.
In an interventionist study…
You do something to the world and see what happens.
You gather data or information almost always before and after
the intervention, then look for changes.
The following comments refer to observational and
interventionist studies with samples.
The estimate of the magnitude of a relationship is less
likely to be biased (that is, not the same as in a
population) if…
thesample is selected randomly from the population, and…
you have a high compliance (low proportion of dropouts).