Atoms in Combination: The

Chemical Bond

Chapter 10

Great Idea:
Atoms bind together in chemical reactions by the
rearrangement of electrons
 Chapter Outline
• Our Material World
• Electron Shells, the Periodic Table,
and Chemical Bonds
• Types of Chemical Bonds
• States of Matter
• Chemical Reactions and the
Formation of Chemical Bonds
 Our Material World
• What have you thrown out?
• Recycling
• Biodegradable materials
• Chemical bond
Electron Shells, the Periodic Table,
and Chemical Bonds
 Electron Shells, the Periodic Table,
and Chemical Bonds
• Chemical Bond
– Valence electrons
• Stable configuration
– To fill outer shell
• Give electrons
• Accept electrons
• Share electrons
Types of Chemical Bonds
 Ionic Bonds
• Bond of electrostatic attraction
– Donate or accept electron(s)

Example: Na and Cl
Fiery reaction results in stable crystal
 Metallic Bonds
• Share electrons

• Characteristics
– Shiny, conduct electricity, malleable
 Covalent Bonds
• Share electrons
– Molecules share
 Covalent Bonds
• Carbon
– Single bond, double bond
 Polarization and
Hydrogen Bonds
• Polar molecules
• Hydrogen Bond
– Weak bond
 Van der Waals Forces
• Weak bonds between molecules
• Example:
– Clay
– Stack of paper
States of Matter
 States of Matter
• States of Matter
– Gas
– Liquid
– Solid
– Plasma
 Gases, Plasma, and Liquids

• Gas
– No volume or shape
– Expands to fill container
• Plasma
– Positive nuclei in sea of
electrons
– Properties
• Liquids
– Fixed volume, no shape
– Surface tension
 Solids
• Solids
– Fixed shape and
volume
• Crystals
– Regular repeating
sequence
• Glasses
– No predictable
arrangment
• Polymers
– Chains of
molecules
– Plastics
 Changes of State

• Transitions
– Freezing, melting
– Boiling, condensation
– sublimation
• No temperature change during phase
change
 Chemical Reactions and the
Formation of Chemical Bonds
 Chemical Reactions and
the Formation of Chemical Bonds

• Chemical reactions
– Interaction of molecules
– Reactantsproducts
– Reactants must balance
• Example
– 2H2 + O2 2H2O
 Chemical Reactions and Energy:
Rolling Down the Chemical Hill
• Energy of an electron
– Kinetic and potential
• Energy changes with bonding
– Exothermic
– Endothermic
 Common Chemical Reactions

• Oxidation
– Transfer electrons
• Reduction
– Accepts electrons
• Precipitation-Solution Reactions
• Acid-Base Reactions
– Acid produces H+
– Base produces OH-
– pH scale
 Common Chemical
Reactions cont.
• Polymerization

Condensation
Reaction
 Common Chemical
Reactions cont.
• Polymerization

Addition
Polymerization
 Common Chemical
Reactions cont.
Forms of Polymers

• Depolymerization
 Building Molecules:
The Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
– Composed of H and C atoms
– Chain length
– Isomers
• 38. One difference between the motion of electrons in an
atom and the motion of planets in the solar systems is that
• a. gravity holds the planets in orbit while centripetal force
holds the electrons.
• b. electron orbits are uniform, planetary orbits are not.
• c. Brownian motion applies to planets but not electrons.
• d. the orbit of a planet is constantly being
accelerated.
• e. All of the above apply to both planets and electrons.
15. Which instrument below emits
photons that have wave crests in exact
alignment?
a. electron microscope
b. laser
c. telescope
d. spectroscope
e. atomic ionizer
•
• 14. What is an atom’s spectrum?
• a. the total number of photons an atom can contain
• b. sum of photons an atom will emit
• c. the atomic mass of the atom
• d. the atom’s place in the periodic table
• e. the allowed orbit closest to the nucleus
• 50. Mendeleev’s periodic table was organized according to
rules of scientific method. Which statement below follows
those rules?
• a. The periodic table made predictions that could be
tested.
• b. Only scientists could understand the periodic table.
• c. Information that refuted Mendeleev's hypothesis was
ignored.
• d. Mendeleev's listed the elements alphabetically.
• e. The periodic table has not changed in 100 years.
• 52. Predict what would happen if one of the six most
dominant elements of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur) were absent and we still
maintained life on earth.
• An element of similar chemical and physical
properties would have to be substituted.
• There would be absence of certain critical compounds.
• Atoms would be structured differently.
• Molecules would have to be larger and more complex.
• None of these.
•
• 53. Which of the following is the most realistic depiction of
the modern model of a Helium atom with a nucleus of 1
millimeter?
• Electron shell at a distance of 1 centimeter.
• Electron shell at a distance of 1 decimeter.
• Electron shell at a distance of 1 meter.
• Electron shell at a distance of 10 meter.
• Electron shell at a distance of 100 meters.
• 54. Physical principles predict that the solar system model
of the atom cannot be viable because
• atoms would be constantly emitting energy.
• atoms would be constantly absorbing energy.
• compounds could not be easily formed.
• atoms would not have symmetrical shapes.
• e. the law of thermodynamics would not work.
• 55. A properly functioning neon light given off is caused by
• A chemical reaction between neon atoms
• Neon atoms transitioning from a ground state to an excited
state
• Neon atoms transitioning from an excited state to a
ground state
• A physical reaction between neon atoms.
• Electron jumping from neon atom to neon atom.
• 5. One of the major differences between a standard X-ray
and a CAT-scan is
• a. a CAT-scan does not subject the patient to X-rays.
• b. photons are emitted during a CAT scan, but not during
an X-ray.
• c. only a CAT-scan can produce a three-dimensional
image of the interior of the body.
• d. only an X-ray can produce sharp images of organs with
densities.
• e. only a CAT-scan uses gamma rays.
• 6. The double-slit apparatus was used in a famous
experiment to
• a. distinguish waves from particles.
• b. measure the amount of constructive and destructive
interference in a wave tank.
• c. establish the dual nature of quantum mechanics.
• d. quantify how photons act under controlled conditions.
• e. all of the above
• 7. When you use a self-focusing digital camera, the
photoelectric effect occurs when
• a. light energy combines with battery energy
• b. light energy is converted into electrical current
that determines the opening in the lens.
• c. light entering the lens is converted to an image on the
film.
• d. photons are used in an electrochemical process.
• e. light energy is reflected by the material it strikes.
• 8. The principles of quantum mechanics state that
• a. Newtonian laws are incontrovertible.
• b. the quantum world spins clockwise.
• c. there must be an anti-quantum universe.
• d. in the quantum world, prediction of the future is a
probability.
• e. the long-term evolution of physical systems can be
• predicted.
• 9. What are quantum dots?
• a. wave functions and probabilities that describe a quantum
site
• b. semiconductors that trap electrons within an
electric field
• c. the precise position and velocity of a quantum bundle
• d. distribution of electrons within a radioactive sample
• e. pattern that manmade atoms make in plasma
• 11. Albert Einstein's Nobel Prize in 1921 was based upon
work
• a. proving the existence of the nucleus of the atom.
• b. which led to the modern concept of the photon.
• c. developing the uncertainty principle.
• d. with double-slit experiments.
• e. disproving theories of quantum mechanics.
31. Measurements can be made on a
macroscopic object without altering the
object because
a. the energy of the object is much
greater than the energy of the probe.
b. the energy of the probe is much greater
than the energy of the object.
c. the probe and the object have equal
amounts of energy.
d. the object moves slowly or not at all.
e. the object absorbs all the energy of the
measuring device.