Part C.

SQL

Chapter 9 SQL and RDBMS

Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing

Co.
 Contents

Chapter 9 SQL and RDBMS 9.4 Creating a Table

9.1 What is SQL 9.5 Creating a Table with Constraints

• 9.1 A. DDL
• 9.1 B. DML 9.6 Filling Table with Data
• 9.1 C. DCL
9.7 Other DDL Commands
9.2 SQL and RDBMS
• 9.2 A. MS Access 97, 2003 and Vi
sual FoxPro
• 9.2 B. MySQL

9.3 Creating a Database

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 Chapter 9 SQL and RDBMS

SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

A relational database management system (RDBMS) fully supports

SQL.

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 9.1 What is SQL

Set-oriented means that SQL processes sets of data in groups.

Non-procedural means that SQL does not care about how the result is
obtained, but it stresses on what result will be obtained.

SQL commands can be classified into three types:

• Data Definition Language (DDL) commands

• Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands
• Data Control Language (DCL) commands

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 9.1 A. DDL

Data Definition Language (DDL) commands are used to create, alter

and delete tables, views and indexes, including

• CREATE DATABASE
• DROP DATABASE
• CREATE TABLE
• DROP TABLE
• ALTER TABLE
• CREATE INDEX
• DROP INDEX
• CREATE VIEW
• DROP VIEW

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 9.1 B. DML (1/2)

Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands are used to update,

insert, modify and query the data in the database, including

• SELECT
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

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 9.1 B. DML (2/2)

The reasons for writing programs to issue SQL commands are

1. meeting specific needs of an organisation

2. providing interface for users who do not know SQL
3. handling errors
4. enforce database security

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 9.1 C. DCL

Data Control Language (DCL) commands help DBA to control and

maintain the database, including GRANT, ALTER USER etc.

DBA stands for database Administrator

(see Chapter 3)

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 9.2 SQL and RDBMS

The SQL standards are promoted by two standards organisations: the

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International
Standards Organisation (ISO). In the textbook, ANSI-92 (launched in
1992) will be used.

Proprietary Extensions mean including extension to the standards, like

ANSI-92.

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9.2 A. MS Access 97, 2003 and Visual FoxPro

MS Access® 97, MS Access® 2003 and MS Visual FoxPro® 5.0 are

software products of Microsoft.

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 9.2 B. MySQL

MySQL is an open source RDBMS product, meaning that it is possible

for anyone to use and modify the software.

MySQL always works in the client-server mode, even in a standalone

computer.

Fig.9.1 Versions of MySQL

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 9.3 Creating a Database (1/2)

Fig.9.3 Handling of database files by different DBMS

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 9.3 Creating a Database (2/2)

In MS Access, related tables are stored in a single file.

In Visual FoxPro, database container is optional.

The SQL command to create database:

CREATE DATABASE dBName;

MySQL command to show database:

SHOW DATABASES;

MySQL command to open a database:

USE dBName;

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 9.4 Creating a Table (1/3)

The basic syntax for creating a new table is

CREATE TABLE TableName1

(FieldName1 FieldType [(FieldWidth [, Precision])] [NOT NULL]
[PRIMARY KEY] [UNIQUE]
[, FieldName2 ...]);

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 9.4 Creating a Table (2/3)

Fig.9.4 Table to be created

Fig.9.5 Structure of the

table to be created

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 9.4 Creating a Table (3/3)

The SQL statement for creating the table BRASSITEM

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9.5 Creating a Table with Constraints (1/2)

Some DBMS enforces constraints to insure data integrity. The constraints

include

1. the field value is unique (keywords UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY).

2. the field value is non-empty (keywords NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY).

3. providing default field value (keyword DEFAULT)

4. generating a number for a numeric field when new record is created

(keyword AUTO_INCREMENT)

5. make sure that a foreign key will be updated if the primary key is updated
(keyword FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, CASCADE, RESTRICT, ON DELETE
and ON UPDATE)

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9.5 Creating a Table with Constraints (2/2)

MySQL command to show the structure of the table:

SHOW FIELDS FROM TableName;

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 9.6 Filling Table with Data (1/3)

The basic syntax for inserting a new record is:

INSERT INTO TableName [(FieldName1 [, FieldName2 ...])]

VALUES (Expression1 [, Expression2 ...]);

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 9.6 Filling Table with Data (2/3)

If all the fields will be filled with values, you may skip entering the field
names in the Insert statement.

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 9.6 Filling Table with Data (3/3)

The date format in ANSI-92 is YYYY-MM-DD. Dates should be

enclosed in quotation marks.

For example '1991-4-1' represents the 1st day in April of 1991.

This format applies to MySQL, MS Access 97 and MS Access 2003,
but not in Visual FoxPro.

In Visual FoxPro, however, the default date format is MM-DD-YYYY,

and braces are used instead of quotation marks.
For example {4-1-1991}

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 9.7 Other DDL Commands (1/5)

The basic syntax for creating an index is:

CREATE INDEX IndexName

ON TableName (FieldName [ASC|DESC], ...);

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 9.7 Other DDL Commands (2/5)

The syntax for changing the structure of a table is:

ALTER TABLE TableName1

ADD | ALTER (MODIFY|CHANGE) | DROP [COLUMN] FieldName1
FieldType [(FieldWidth [, Precision])];

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 9.7 Other DDL Commands (3/5)

In MS Access and FoxPro, ALTER COLUMN is used to change the

size and data type of a field. But, you cannot change a field name.

In MySQL, MODIFY COLUMN is used to change the size and data

type
of a field. CHANGE COLUMN is used to change a field name.

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 9.7 Other DDL Commands (4/5)

The SQL command to delete a table:

DROP TABLE TableName;

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 9.7 Other DDL Commands (5/5)

The SQL command to delete database:

DROP DATABASE DBName;

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