ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS
Projection
Presentation of an image and/or object on a surface.

The surface may be a wall, screen or retina of

human eye.
Projection theory

The principles used to graphically

represent 3-D objects and structures on
2-D media.

Based on two variables:

1. Line of sight
2. plane of projection.
Line of sight
2 types:
1. Parallel
2. Converging
Plane of Projection
A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the lines of sight is projected.
The image is produced by connecting the points where the lines of
sight pierce the projection plane.
Projection Systems
Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection
Disadvantage of Perspective
Projection
Not used by engineers:

1.Difficult to create

2.Does not reveal true size

Parallel Projection
Parallel Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
• When the projectors are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection

• The lines of sight of the observer create a ‘view’ on

the screen.

• The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection

(POP).

• The lines of sight are called projection lines or

projectors. Thus observer, object and POP are the
three basic elements of a projection system
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Six Principal Views
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
First Angle Projection

• ISO standard

• Used in Europe and most of the world

• Object placed between the observer and

the projection plane

• Object placed in the first quadrant

First Angle Projection
First Angle Projection
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
• ANSI Standard
• used in US, Canada and Australia.
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
 FV LSV

LSV FV
One view Drawing
Two view Drawing
Half view Drawing
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