Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Memory
• What is memory?
– Reconstructive Process: Not a recording
– It’s selective, and details are excluded, altered, and added
• How does memory work?
– Encode: enter information into memory.
– Storage: maintain information in memory.
– Recall: retrieve information from memory.
– Forgetting: deficiency in one or more of these processes.
Encoding
F B I P H D T W A I B M
FBI PHD TWA IBM
Mnemonics
– Spaces: FACE
– Lines: EGBDF
• Stalagmites vs. Stalactites Structural Phonemic S
• Letter before J?
Chunking & M
Elaboration
Mnemonics Im
Sensory Register (Memory)
Forgetting: Forgetting:
decay interference
“Flashbulb” Memories
• Forgetting Curves:
– Hermann Ebinghaus (1885) used nonsense syllables (BAF; ZOK).
– Tested RECALL of lists after different time intervals.
– Most forgetting occurs shortly after learning.
• Forgetting curves less steep for:
– Meaningful material (e.g., High School classmates).
– RECOGNITION tasks.
• What happens during forgetting?
– Information is unavailable (no longer in memory).
– Information is inaccessible (can’t be recalled from memory).
• Memory Retrieval.
– Retrieval cue: stimulus that aid recall.
Decay & Interference