ACM C A04 :

MANAGEMENT
OF
SAFETY AND HEALTH
 ACM C A04 : MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
•Basic concepts- safety issues;
• Industrial safety training: National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and
Health [NEBOSH], Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training
[BOSIET] etc;
• Occupational safety, hazards- dust; impregnated timber,
• lead poisoning, toxic fumes,
• noise, vibrations;
• Causes of accidents and measures;
• Accident investigation and prevention;
•Safety legislation and standards;
•Safety critical operations; Material handling at site;
• excavation and earthwork, drilling and blasting,
•piping and foundations, erection, demolition, scaffolding;
• Safety for specialized structures- tunnels, dams,
•Power plants and oil and gas or coal transportation.
• Safety organization,
•site management;
•Role of safety department, safety officer,
•safety committee;
•Safety manuals, safety checklists and audits;
• Introduction to OHSAS – 18001;
•Introduction to environment and environmental impacts associated with projects.
FUNDAMENTALS OF
SAFETY

Basic Safety Issues

WHAT IS SAFETY ?

IS IT FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS ??

IS IT REDUCTION OF ACCIDENTS ??

IS IT ALL ABOUT COMPLIANCE OF

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ??
A quality or condition of being safe from
“danger, Injury, damage, loss,
accidents”
 What is Management?

A set of activities(planning and decision

making, organizing, leading, and controlling)
directed at an organization’s resources (human,
financial, physical, and information)
with the aim of achieving organizational goals
in an efficient and effective manner.
• Safety Management is managing
organizational activities
and applying principles, framework,
processes to help prevent accidents,
injuries and to minimise other risk.

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 Management
Different types of Manager
• Question: How many have a specific
statute law covering the position?
– Production
– Finance
– Sales
– Marketing
– Environmental
– Personnel
– Training
– Safety
– Quality
– Departmental

SAFETY
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 Why is safety important?
Humanitarianism

The Value of Human Life and Property

Professional Conduct and Ethics

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)

Sustainability

economy, society and environment.

Health – The protection of the bodies and minds
of people from illness resulting from the
materials, processes or procedures used in the
workplace.

Safety – The protection of people/material from

physical injury/damage.

The two words are normally used together to

indicate concern for the physical and mental well-
being of the individual at the place of work.
 Basic Terms
Incident
It is an event which represents the deviation
from the intended sequence of designed steps.

An event that
could or does
result in
unintended harm
to people and /or
damage to
property and/or
environment.
Incidents are divided into two categories….

INCIDENT

No Loss Resulting in Loss

Near-miss Accident
WHAT IS ACCIDENT

An unintended, unplanned event which has the

potential to cause harm or injury.
 Basic Terms
• An accident
• An accident is- 'an undesired event,
which results in physical harm and/ or
property damage (injury, property
-
damage, interruption, delay).

• An injury
• An injury is a consequence of an
- incident.
 Basic Terms
• Hazard

• Hazard means the inherent property or ability of something to

cause harm.
OR
• Existing or Potential Condition that alone or Interacting With
Other Factors Can Cause Harm

• Risk

• Risk is 'the chance or probability of loss', an evaluation

of the potential for failure.
Types of Hazard
1.Physical Hazards
2.Chemical Hazards
3.Mechanical Hazards
4.Biological Hazards
5.Psychological Hazards
6.Ergonomics Hazards
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Physical hazards are those

substances/activities that threaten an
individual's physical safety.
Physical Hazards
 Noise
 Vibration
 Radiation
 Temperature
 Pressure,Velocity,Height
 Electricity
 Etc..
Chemical Hazards
Those hazards which has potential of
toxicity, flammability and reactivity to
cause harm

 Explosives
 Flammable liquids
 Corrosives
 Oxidizing materials
 Toxic, carcinogenic
substances
 Gases and air particulate
MECHANICAL HAZARDS

Mechanical hazards are those associated with power driven machines,

whether automated or manually operated.
The most serious hazards come from moving machine parts which may
accidentally come into contact with worker’s body causing injury or
death.
Common Mechanical Hazards

1. Cutting and tearing

2. Shearing
3. Crushing
4. Puncturing
5. Straining and spraining
6. Breaking
 Biological Hazards
 Biological wastes (blood, fluids, etc.)
 Drugs (antibiotics & others)
 Viruses, bacteria
 Parasites, insects
 Poisonous or diseased plants, animals

These sources can cause a variety of health effects ranging from

skin irritation and allergies to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS),
cancer and so on.
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

A psychological hazard is a hazard that can affect

your mental health e.g. brain washing, depression
feeling, mental disturbance etc
Ergonomic Hazards
 Physical
 Environmental
 Psycho-Social
Ergonomic Hazards
Physical
 Poor work, task design
 Repetitive motion
 Prolonged sitting
 Poor layout
 Poor posture
 Improper lifting and handling
Ergonomic Hazards
Environmental
 Poor lighting,glare
 Poor ventilation
 Poor temperature control
 Poor humidity control
 Ergonomic Hazards
Psycho-social
 Work rest cycles
 Violence, discrimination
 Extraneous stress
 Un even work load
 Lack of space
 Poor staff relationships
 What is risk?
Risk is the chance or probability that a
person will be harmed or experience
an adverse health effect if exposed to
a hazard. It may also apply to
situations with property or equipment
loss.
 A Simple Risk Assessment

R = (P) x (S)

R = Risk

P = Probability of occurrence / Likelihood

S = Severity of effect (consequence)

An unsafe condition or unsafe action when coming
together may result into

 Near Miss

 Accident

The only difference between a near miss and an

accident is…

LUCK AND WARNING TO THAT PERSON

Warning Message!
*Near misses are warnings that something
or someone is not performing the job
correctly.

*Always pay attention to near misses.

*Don’t let near misses repeat themselves

 Near misses are not funny; they are often
deadly.

 Always report a near miss

Take immediate action to prevent a similar

near miss.

Obey safety rules and you can decrease the

number of near misses around you.
Hierarchy of Hazard Control
 Hazard Control
• The first consideration for controlling hazards is
to eliminate the hazard
Elimination is the most effective means of hazard
control.
It involves the physical removal of the hazard

Examples-
Combustible to non-combustible material

Remove sharp edges, protruding objects

Substitution is the second most effective way to
control hazards

Substitution is a less hazardous process.

An example of this method is utilizing a
water-based paint rather than a solvent-
based paint.
This control measure minimizes
flammable vapors as well as eliminates
health concerns associated with
solvent-based paints.
 Hazard Control - Engineering

• If hazard elimination or substitution is

not feasible, engineering controls
should be considered next.
• Engineering controls are physical
changes to the work area or process that
effectively minimize a worker's
exposure to hazards.
Engineering Control is the third most effective
means of controlling hazards.

Engineering controls do not eliminate hazards, but

rather keep people isolated from hazards.
 Hazard Control - Engineering
• Enclosed Hazard
–Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for
noisy equipment.
• Isolate Hazard
–Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine
guarding, welding curtains, and other mechanisms.
Remove / Redirect Hazard
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust
ventilation.
Redesign Workplace
Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries.
 Hazard Control

• If engineering controls are not feasible you must

then consider implementing administrative controls.

• Administrative controls

–Limits daily exposure to hazards by

•Adjusting work tasks or schedules.
Administrative controls are changes to the way
people work. e.g.,
procedure changes
employee training
installation of signs and warning labels

Administrative controls do not remove hazards but

give warning or deviation
 Hazard Control - Administrative

• Examples of administrative controls include:

–Limited time exposure to hazards

–Written operating procedures,

–Work practices, and

–Safety and health rules for employees.

 Hazard Control - Administrative

–Alarms, signs and warnings

–Buddy system*

–Training

–Stretching exercises and break policies

* The buddy system is an effective method by which a deployed staff member shares in the
responsibility for his or her partner’s safety and well-being.
 Hazard Control - PPE

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

–Used when hazards cannot be eliminated
through engineering or administrative controls,

–Must consider personal protective equipment

(PPE) necessary for employee protection
PPE is the least
effective way to
control hazards.
PPE can include
gloves, respirators,
hard hats, safety
glasses, high-
visibility clothing,
and safety
footwear.
 Hazard Control - PPE
• According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable
as a control method in the following
situations:
–Engineering controls do not eliminate hazard
–While engineering controls are being
developed
–Administrative controls and safe work
practices are not sufficient protection
–During emergencies.
 BEST PRACTICES
 NATIONAL STANDARDS : BIS, OISD, TAC.,
Bureau of Indian Standards, Oil Industry Safety Directorate[OISD] , Transport Accident
Commission[TAC]

 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS : ILO, API,UL, NFPA,

OSHA, NIOSH
International Labour Organization, The American Petroleum Institute, Underwriters
Laboratories , National Fire Protection Association, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: ISO, OHSAS,

 International Organization for Standardization, Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment Series
 KEY TO SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Unsafe action / Unsafe condition & accidents are
only the symptoms of some thing wrong in the
safety management systems.

“The key to effective line safety performance

is -

ACCOUNTABILITY”.
 How to achieve Safety ?

1 Engineering - Process Control

2 Enforcement -Rules & Procedures
3 Education - Training
4 Enthusiasm -Behavioral Aspect
5 Evaluation - Audit, Mock Drills

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 KNOWLEDGE
What to do ?

WILINGNESS SAFE INTELEGENCY

Want to Do ? OPERATOR Why to do ?

EXPERIENCE
How to do ?
Hence human touch to all basic level policies is an
important strategy in any Organisation for a
Total safety Program.
Don’t try to change thepeople

Change the environment

i.e. method of working, training,
instructions, supervision, inspection &
Safety culture to
have ZERO tolerance for Accident