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Inclusive and
Sustainable
Urbanization in India Group - 06
Pratik Tagwale | Sarath Allaka | Satyaki Dutta | Sharon Soreng | Shilpa Roy | Siddharth Saraswat
.
Introduction

❏ United Nation has introduced 17 SDGS and 169 targets

to build a world which is a more secure, equal and
prosperous world by the year 2030. One hundred
ninety-three members of UN general assembly adopted
these. The eleventh goal is Sustainable cities and
communities, and one of the targets is inclusive and
sustainable urbanization.
❏ The rapid growth of cities coupled with the increasing
migration from rural to urban has led to a boom in cities.
Why
Urbanisation? According to McKinsey Global Institute,
1
cities can produce more than 70% of GDP
by 2030 and drive nearly a fourfold
increase in per capita income across the
nation.

India – Focus on Villages or Cities? Urban

2
Economy would provide 85% of the tax
revenue by 2030 which will finance
development nationwide.

Cities are not only for the prosperous ,

3
75% of the people are from the bottom
income segments.

Urbanization is not an elitist endeavour

4
but a central pillar for inclusive growth.
Sustainable and Inclusive Urbanization

Rapid increase in rural to urban migration exerts pressure on

resources like fresh water supply, housing, energy etc.

Cities are not only for the prosperous , 75% of the people are
from the bottom income segments.

Unplanned urban growth causes strained infrastructure, growth

of slums, environmental degradation, traffic problems and high
cost of living.

We should prioritize quality of life for all, focusing especially on

the needs of vulnerable urban groups for employment, housing,
sanitation, healthcare and education.

Planning must incorporate long-term resource sensitivity and

community involvement at every step, while benchmarking smart
and measurable outcomes for all stakeholders.
Five Pillars for Sustainable
Urbanization Though India has its journey, there are some basic lessons which we
can imbibe in our policies and prosper further. For inclusive and
sustainable urbanisation, we need to consider a few objectives:
environment sustainability, social equity, economic growth with
redistribution and political empowerment of the disempowered.
Based on this, we identified five dimensions which need to be taken
care of, those are:
1. Funding (Where will the resources come from),
2. Governance (Leading and accountability),
3. Planning (Efficient usage of land),
4. Sector Policies (Economic growth, sustainable environment)
5. Shape (Distribution of population).
Inclusive Development

❏ Focusing on economic growth will lead to formation of

exclusionary cities
❏ With rising property prices people end up on the
outskirts of the cities without the availability of basic
services, there is a need for substantial public spending
and private participation

❏ Sell land assets to fund urban infrastructure.

❏ Increase rate and compliance of property taxes

❏ Increase debt and private sector participation for

infrastructural projects
Structural Changes Required

Privatization/corporatization Planning committee to

of chargeable services be established at the
metropolitan level.

Clearly defined goals More power in the hands of A metropolitan head

and deliverables at the local government in terms of who oversees all the
local government level raising funds, hiring talent municipalities
and implementation of
projects
Affordable
Housing for
Sustainable
Urbanization
Housing and Sustainability
Six out of every ten people expected to reside in urban areas by 2030
“Housing is at the center of the sustainable
development agenda.” - World Bank
❏ Clearly a lot of what has gone wrong today in cities is
related directly or indirectly to housing.
❏ From slums to gated communities, from overcrowding to
sprawl, from homelessness to the vacant houses, there is
much evidence that housing is shaping cities worldwide.
❏ This often results in fragmentation and inequality.
❏ The social, environmental and financial costs far beyond
what the majority of cities can afford.
❏ Challenges lay in the poor quality and location of the
stock usually far from job and livelihood opportunities,
lack of accessibility and services.
❏ Majority of people in need of housing are poor and they
continue addressing their housing needs by themselves,
incrementally and informally.
❏ Positioning housing at the center of national and local
urban agendas will be instrumental in achieving inclusion
and equality of opportunities in the urban development
process.
❏ The ‘Housing at the Centre' approach focuses on
holistic framework where housing is orchestrated with
national and urban development in a way that benefits
all people.
Facts at a glance
Buildings account for the Buildings contribute to 30%
consumption of one-third of the global greenhouse
of the global raw materials, gas emissions.
energy and water.

Average household
size in India being
“95% of households 4.9 for the 2011
own a house, but only It is estimated that in 2021,
33% own a TV set.“ census. This implies
electricity consumption due
More than 40% of that 40% of
to space cooling and heating
However, in India households have just households, five
owning a house in
appliances will grow by
one room or no people have to
India does not mean 180% (compared to 2011
exclusive room in their share a room in the
unambiguous levels).
opulence. houses. name of a house
 Public Policy
❏ Systemic reforms, strong states and long-term policy and finance
are needed to enable access to adequate housing for all.
❏ Housing and slum upgrading policies should be accompanied by
national strategies with a detailed plan of action, time frame, and
available resources to implement.

❏ Affordable Housing has been granted the “Infrastructure” status in

the Union Budget 2017-18.
❏ Reduced cost of borrowing for real estate developers
❏ Incentive for more private players
❏ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
❏ Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT)
❏ Smart Cities Mission
❏ Interim Budget 2019
❏ Relief to taxpayers with income up to Rs 6.5 lakhs
❏ Tax exemption on all affordable housing projects registered up
to 2020
 Other Initiatives
❏ While we create housing for the low and mid income sections
of the society, they need to be green too.
❏ The principles of of green and sustainability should look into:
❏ Careful handling of waste
❏ Minimal usage of energy & water
❏ Outbreak of epidemics
❏ IGBC has launched the Green Affordable Housing Rating.
❏ Benefits
❏ Reduction in energy and water consumption
❏ Improved health and hygiene
❏ Better sanitation
❏ Better ventilation and light in the dwellings
❏ IGBC Green Affordable Housing rating system addresses
green features under the following categories:
❏ Site Measures
❏ Energy Conservation
❏ Indoor Environmental Quality, etc
India Awakening

India is in a state of inertia with regards to

urgency and scale of urban reforms due to
comfort with the status quo. It requires a
series of reforms which might require
repeated lobbying and financial incentives
for the state and centre governments. The
actions required depends upon the
category of reform inferred from the below
table.
India Awakening

Key Stakeholders

Urban Citizens

0 0
1 3
State Governments
0 Private Sector

2
State Governments
The Urban reforms and transformation should potentially provide the state
governments with a source of competitive advantage vis a vis other states.
These advantages can help a state in attracting investment and create
employment.

States should create enabling frameworks and apply reforms in a city-wise

or phase-wise manner learning from experiences
❏ Short Term-
States should create a holistic 2030 urbanisation strategy including a
model of governance and other sectoral policies.

❏ Medium to Long Term-

States should empower local administration, direct election of city
representatives in Tier one and two cities in the next five years.
Cities in return need to provide a push with the state governments
for required reforms. The reforms have a significant dependence on
the current state of the city. These steps have benefits which lead to
significant economic growth and tax revenues.
Urban Citizens

❏ The citizens also need to have access to metrics and

mechanisms to understand the current state of the city
and also the effectiveness of the leaders in providing
services.

❏ The urban residents first need to understand and

sympathise with the government problems concerning the
complexity of urban transformation and difficulties
managing it.

❏ The citizens must shift from making noninstitutional

demands to a call for fundamental institutional
transformation. There should be an unrelenting demand
for institutional changes and reforms by the citizens at
every interaction with government institutions and also
media outlets.
Private Sector
Private sector will remain a key stakeholder in this transformation
process. Due to the ability of the cities to provide conditions that
attract and retain talent, both domestic and foreign investors (FDI
and FII) demand and lobby vigorously for urban transformation as
a prerequisite for investment.

India's rapid and unprecedented urbanisation provides a blue

ocean and an untapped market for investing activities for the
private sector.

The rise of a new urban population with disposable incomes has

accelerated economic growth in all consumer markets. Also, the
urban reforms will provide new engagement opportunities for the
private sector to assist the government meets the demand for
urban services including water, transportation, utilities, housing,
sanitation, and waste management. Due to capacity constraints
and limited capital, the government requires assistance from the
private sector for infrastructure and services.
Learning
Urbanization
Development
from China
Urbanization on
rise
❏ By 2025 urbanized will increase by
another 1.6bn. Major contributing
economies - Asia and Africa
❏ India and China accounting 60% of
the growth.
❏ Need to maximize the demographic
dividend
❏ Identification of urbanized cities
and creating services and
opportunities
❏ Employment and educational
opportunities to absorb the
demographic dividend
 -Empowering city mayors
- 25% tax collected to city
-Redevelopment of run down cities
Decentralization

-Modernisation of agriculture
and countryside Environment
-Development of agricultural quality Investment -$116 per capita spend on
business entities including urbanization compared to$17
farming households, farms and in India
rural co-operatives -Green bond, private sector,
-Eco tourism franchisee, leasing
Public
Rural Services
revitalisation
-Emissions inventories for carbon model
dioxide and other greenhouse gases,
setting measurable emissions
-Privatising transport and delivery
reduction targets, green bonds,
services
establishing carbon emission trading
platforms
Climate Change Mitigation in Urban India

• Mitigation > Actions to reduce and green house gases

• Urban problems like pollution, transportation, infrastructure, solid waste management,
urban planning

NAPCC
• Adopted on 30th June 2008

• India is the 1st country to release

such a plan and to combat the
impacts on climate change

• Focuses on 8 missions which form

the core of NAP which represent
multi prolonged ,long term and
integrated strategies .
Urban Transportation

Estimated Personal Vehicle

• Shift in the public transport, bus
rapid transport, rail and metro
can reduce the use of personal
car
• Increase in the use of electric
cars, this could reduce over 5
million tonnes of CO2e.
• Adoption of Electrification+
Automation +Sharing model of
transport
• High residential and

Public Transport
employment density influence
shorter commuter journeys and
a reduction in private vehicle
 • Urban Green Space is a
Urban city Planning and
Design
● Cluster design of city is a
selective densification which
will result people walking to
work and reduce the need of
vehicle travel
segment of green foundation.
Green spaces offer
imaginative and advance
manageable ways of life,
improving both the wellbeing
and the prosperity of urban
inhabitants
• Smart City Mission
is initiative by the GOI
to drive economic
growth and improve the
quality of life. The focus
is on sustainable and
inclusive development
through harnessing
technology