Professional Documents
Culture Documents
20
15
% of adults
10
0
1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001
Obesity: A Major Health Issue
• Obesity is the No. 2 preventable cause of death
and disability (smoking is #1)
• Obesity is associated with increased risk of heart
disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, cancer,
osteoarthritis, sleep apnea
• Obesity-related health problems cost $75 billion
annually (2003 data)
• The public pays about $39 billion a year -- or
about $175 per person -- for obesity through
Medicare and Medicaid programs
Health Problems Associated with
Excess Body Fat
• Surgical risk • Type 2 diabetes
• Lung (pulmonary) • Gallstones
disease • Cancers (breast, colon,
• Sleep apnea pancreas, gallbladder)
• HTN • Infertility
• CVD • Pregnancy- difficult
• Bone and joint delivery
disorders (gout, • Reduced agility
osteoarthritis) • Early death
NHANES III Prevalence of Hypertension*
According to BMI
30 27 27.7
22.1
20 14.9 15.2
10
0
Men Women
*Defined as mean systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg, mean diastolic 90
mm Hg, or currently taking antihypertensive medication .
Brown C et al. Body Mass Index and the Prevalence of
Hypertension and Dyslipidemia. Obes Res. 2000;8:605-619.
Obesity and Diabetes Risk
100
Incidence of New Cases
per 1,000 Person-Years
80
60
40
20
0
<20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 >40
BMI Levels
15
9.1
10
6.3
5.3
5 3.6
2.5 2.1
1.0 1.0
0
<22 22-23 24+
Body Mass Index at Age 21
Adapted from Chan JM et al. Diabetes Care
1994;17:960-969.
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria*
Three or more of the following abnormalities:
• Waist circumference >102 cm (40 inches) in men
and > 88 cm (35 inches) in women
• Serum triglycerides of at least 150 mg/dL
• High density lipoprotein level <40 mg/dL in men
and <50 mg/dL in women
• Blood pressure >=135/85 mm/hg
• Serum glucose >=110 mg/dl
• Includes 47 million US residents (27.7% of the
population
*ATP III Guidelines. National Cholesterol Education Program, 2001
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
• Endocrine disorder characterized by
hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance
• Associated with android obesity
• Affects 5-10% of reproductive age women
• Erratic menstrual periods, chronic anovulations
resulting in multiple ovarian cysts; infertility,
acne, hirsutism and alopecia
• Increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes,
reproductive cancers
Management of PCOS
• Symptom oriented, as etiology is unclear
• Individualized diet and exercise plan to
promote weight loss and normalize insulin
levels
• Medications to alleviate symptoms
26 -Year Incidence of
Coronary Heart Disease in Men
<50 years 50+ years
600
500 440
Incidence/1,000
400
292
300 268
223
200 179
119
100 76
0
<25 25-<30 30+
BMI Levels
Adapted from Hubert HB et al. Circulation 1983;67:968-977.
Metropolitan Relative Weight of 110 is a BMI of approximately 25.
Hypertension
20 25 30 35 40
BMI
Relationship between BMI and crude percentage of women reporting
medical problems, surgical procedures, symptoms, and health care utilization.
20 25 30 35 40
BMI
Relationship between BMI and crude percentage of women reporting
medical problems, surgical procedures, symptoms, and health care utilization.
20 25 30 35 40
BMI
20 25 30 35 40
BMI
(Adapted from Bray GA. Gray DS, Obesity, part 1: Pathogenesis. West J Med 149:429, 1988; and Lew EA, Garfinkle L; Variations
in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Clin Epidemiol 32:563, 1979.)
BMI and Health
Below 18.5 Underweight