Basic

Drilling Calculations
K.Moorthi , SE(D)
Karaikal Asset

1
 System of Calculation
• FPS system – Feet Pound Second.

• MKS system – Meter Kilogram Second

2
 Basic Types of Calculation
1. Length 7. Pressure
2. Weight 8. Pressure gradient
3. Area 9. Torque
4. Volume 10. Power
5. Density 11. Velocity
6. Discharge 12. Drilling performance
indicator.
3
 Types of Calculation Vs Application
in Drilling
1 Length String length , Measured depth , True
Vertical Depth
2 Weight String wt , Buoyancy Factor ,WOB,
Maximum Pull.
3 Area Nozzle size/area.

4 Volume String /Annular volume ,Tripping

Volume (Dry/wet).
5 Density Water ,Mud , Salt water , steel ,
Baryte.
6 Discharge Pump Discharge , Liner sizes ,stroke.
4
 Types of Calculation Vs Application
in Drilling
7 Pressure SPP,Hyd.Static ,BHP ,Formation pr.
,SIDP ,SICP.LOT & MASP..
8 Pr. Gradient Mud ,Formation ,Fracture.

9 Torque Make up torque(D/P,D/C,Bit &

Casing..),Rotary torque.
10 Power Horse power , Kw , Bit horse power.

11 Velocity Annular Velocity , ROP .

12 Drilling Rig months , Rig years ,Cycle Speed ,

performance Commercial Speed & Mechanical
5
indicator Speed .
 Measured Depth & Unit
MKS FPS
True Vertical Depth Meter feet

• Measured depth (MD) = Measured length from Rotary bush

to Drilled depth .
• True Vertical Depth (TVD) = ( COS x MD )+ DKO.
Where
COS = Cosine of the angle of Kick off.
MD = Measured Depth(m) after kick off.
DKO = Depth of the kick off point (m)

6
 Measured Depth & True Vertical Depth

Measured depth = 250 + 3000 = 3250m.

TVD = ( COS 30o x 3000) + 250

Kelly bush level
Ground level = x 3000 + 250
= m

Kick off Depth

250m

TVD

3000m

30o

7
 Conversion Factor
Length
one one
Centimeter = 0.394 inch inch = 2.540 Centimeter
Meter = 3.281 Feet Feet = 0.305 Meter
meter = 39.370 inches inches = 0.025 meter
Mile = 1.609 Kms Kms = 0.622 Mile

8
 Unit
Weight MKS FPS
Ton Pounds

• String wt
• Buoyancy Factor
• WOB
• Maximum Pull when pipe is stuck.
Conversion Factor
one one
Kilogram = 0.980 Deca newton Deca newton = 1.020 Kilogram
Kilogram = 0.454 Pounds Pounds = 2.205 Kilogram
Tonne(metric)= 2205.000 Pounds Pounds = 0.000454 Tonne(metric)
9
 String Weight
• String weight in air = Weight of the string when there
is no fluid in hole.

• String weight in mud = Weight of the string when its

hanging in mud column.
= String weight in air x
Buoyancy Factor

10
 Buoyancy Factor
• Buoyancy Factor = 1- (Sp.gr.of Mud / Sp.gr. Of Steel )
(Sp.gr.of steel = 7.85 gm/cc)

• Example
for Sp.gr.of mud = 1.20 gm/cc & String wt. in air = 70 tons.

Buoyancy Factor = 1- ( 1.20 /7.85 )

= 0.847
String wt. in mud = 70 x 0.847
= 59.29 tons

11
 Weight on Bit ( WOB)
• Max. Weight on bit = 80 % of Drill collar
wt. in mud
Drill Collar specifications

Weight Make up torque Total

OD Bore Thread Capacity
Diplscemen
(inchs) (inchs) Connection (M3/mt)
PPF Kg/m ft -lb kg-mt t (M3/mt)

9 1/2 3 217 323 7 5/8" REG 88000 11950 0.00456 0.04106

8 2 13/16 150 223 6 5/8" REG 53000 7450 0.00401 0.03244

4" IF /4 1/2" 22200 / 3180

5 1/2 2 13/16 92 136 0.00401 0.02142
IF 29500 /4110

4" IF /4 1/2" 22200 / 3180

6 1/2 2 13/16 83 124 0.00401 0.0198
IF 29500 /4110

4 3/4 2 1/4 47 70 3 1/2" IF 9900 1380 0.00257 12

0.01144
Maximum Allowable Pull (Tons)
M a x i mu m a l l ow a b l e P u l l of st u ck D r i l l p i p e
Size in Pounds per Maximum Allowable pull
Grade
inches foot (PPF) ( Tons)
E 96.16
X-95 122.00
3.5 13.3
G-105 134.70
S-135 173.27
E 117.94
X-95 149.68
4.5 4.5
G-105 165.10
S-135 220.44
E 141.06
X-95 179.17
5 19.5
G-105 197.76
S-135 254.46

Example
If 5” , 19.5 PPF , “E” grade is stuck and the block weight is 18 Tons,

The Maximum Allowable hook load ( Tons) = Block wt + Max. All.Pull.

= 18 + 141.06
= 159.06 Tons
159 tons is the maximum allowable pull
13
 Area Unit
MKS FPS
cm2 inch2
Area of Square = L x L = cm x cm = cm2
Area of a circle = Π x r2 or (Π x D2 )/4 = cm2

Conversion Factor
one one
Acre = 43560.000 Sq.feet Sq.feet = 0.000023 Acre
Acre = 4074.000 Sq.meter Sq.meter = 0.000245 Acre
Sq.inch = 6.452 Sq.cms Sq.cms = 0.155 Sq.inch
Sp.meter = 10.764 Sq.feet Sq.feet = 0.093 Sp.meter
Sq.Kms = 0.386 Sq.mile Sq.mile = 2.590 Sq.Kms

14
 Unit
Volume MKS FPS
M3 Barrels

• Volume of cylinder V = Area x Height

= (m x m ) x m =m3
= (Л x r2) x Height
Or
= (Л x D2 / 4) x Height
Where
D = Dia of the cylinder (m) ; r = Radius
h = Ht of cyclinder (m)
Л = 22/7 = 3.14
V = Volume of a cylinder in m3
15
 Volume
Conversion Factor
one one
Cubic meter = 6.291 Barrels Barrels = 0.159 Cubic meter
Cubic meter = 35.310 Cubic feet Cubic feet = 0.028 Cubic meter
Cubic meter = 264.200 Gallons Gallons = 0.00379 Cubic meter
Cubic meter = 1000.000 litres litres = 0.001 Cubic meter

16
 Capacity of a pipe & Annular Capacity
•Capacity of a Pipe or Hole (in m3 / m )
C = (ID2) / 2000 Approx.
Where ID = Inner dia of pipe , casing , or hole in inches.
C = Capacity of pipe or hole in m3/m
• Annular Capacity (in m3 / m )
AC = (HD2 –OD2) / 2000 approx.
Where HD = Inner dia of hole or casing in inches.
OD = Outer dia of pipe or tubing in inches
AC = Annular Capacity in m3 / m

17
 Tripping Volume
• When Dry Pull out
Hole should be filled with mud equivalent to
steel volume of Drill pipe / HWDP /Drill collar.
• When Wet Pull out
Hole should be filled with mud equivalent to
steel volume of Drill pipe / HWDP /Drill collar +
Inner volume of respective pipes.

18
Calculation of discharge for Triplex & Duplex Mud
pump (Gallons Per Minute)

• Triplex Pump Discharge (GPM)

= (Π D2 /4) x L x 3 x SPM x Pump Efficeincy x .00433 GPM.

• Duplex Pump Discharge (GPM)

= (Π D2 /4) x L x 2 x SPM x Pump Efficeincy x .00433 GPM.

19
 Discharge Unit
MKS FPS
Discharge = Volume delivered per minute Litres/min Gallons /
min

Performace of A-1100 PT pump ( Triplex)

Stroke length = 10 "
Max Working Pr. ( Discharge ) = 5000 psi.
Suction Pr. = 250 psi.
Max . rated HP = 1100 HP @ 150 RPM.
Discharge Displacement in gallons
Piston
Max.Pr. Litres
Dia Gal./Stroke 50 75 100 125 150
/stroke
5" 4482 2.55 9.65 128 191 255 319 383
5 1/2" 3704 3.09 11.69 154 231 309 386 463
6" 3112 3.67 13.89 184 275 367 459 551
6 1/2" 2652 4.31 16.31 215 323 431 539 646
7" 2287 5 18.97 250 375 510 625 750
7 1/2" 1992 5.74 21.72 287 430 574 717 861
20
 Pump Output and Annular Velocities for different
Hole size.

Pump output Annular Velocity

Hole
size Litres / minute GPM Mts /min Ft./min

17 1/2" 3000 to 4000 800 to 1050 21 to 28 69 to 92

12 1/4" 2200 to 2600 580 to 690 35 to 41 115 to 130

8 1/2" 1200 to 1600 320 to 420 50 to 67 164 to 220

6" 600 to 800 180 to 210 51 to 68 169 to 223

Pump Out put (m3/m)

Annular Velocity (Mts./min) = -------------------------------
Annular Volume (m3/mt.)

21
 Unit

Density MKS
Gm /cc
FPS
Pounds per
gallon (ppg)

• Density = Weight / Volume = Kg /litre = gm /cc

Or
= Pounds /Gallon (PPG)

Conversion Factor
for Pressure Gradient & Density
one one
Kg/cm2 / 10m= 1.000 gm / cc gm / cc = 1.000 Kg/cm2 / 10m
gm / cc = 62.430 Pounds /cu.foot Pounds /cu.foot = 0.016 gm / cc
gm / cc = 8.337 Pounds / gallon Pounds / gallon = 0.120 gm / cc
Kg/cm2 / 10m= 0.433 psi / ft psi / ft = 2.309 Kg/cm2 / 10m

22
 Density
Density (gm /CC)
Water 1.00
Salt water 1.02
Steel 7.85
Barite 4.2
Kerosine
Edible oil
Rock density (avg.) 2.36
23
 Unit
MKS FPS
Pressure Kg/cm2 PSI

• Pressure = Weight / Area

= Kg / cm2
= Pounds / inch2 (PSI)
Conversion factor
one one
Bar = 0.967 Atmospheric Atmospheric = 1.034 Bar
Bar = 1.020 Kg / cm2 Kg / cm2 = 0.980 Bar
Atmospheric = 76.000 cms of mercury cms of mercury= 0.013 Atmospheric
Kg / cm2 = 32.810 Feet of water Feet of water = 0.030 Kg / cm2
Atmospheric = 1.033 Kg / cm2 Kg / cm2 = 0.968 Atmospheric
Kg / cm2 = 14.220 psi psi = 0.070 Kg / cm2
24
 Drilling Fluid Circulation
Purposes

• Control formation pressures

• Drive motor/turbine
• Cool the bit
Bit • Clean cuttings from the hole bottom
Hydraulics
• Clean cuttings from the bit
• Transport cuttings to surface

25
Pressure In Pressure Loss Factors
Pressure Out

Flow In Flow Out

• Equipment and Wellbore Geometry

– Flow Area
– Length
– Constrictions
• Flow Rate
• Mud Properties
– Weight
– Plastic Viscosity
– Yield Point
26
PStdpipe=PSurf.Eq.+PDrill String+PMWD/Motor+PBit+PAnnulus

Pressure Losses
• Surface Equipment
– Standpipe
– Kelly Hose
– Swivel
– Kelly
• Drill String
– Pipe
– Collars
– BHA
• Motor/Turbine
• Bit Nozzles
• Annulus
27
Pressure Losses Surface Equipment

Case Stand Pipe Hose Swivel Kelly

Length ID Length ID Length ID Length ID

(Ft.) (In.) (Ft.) (In.) (Ft.) (In.) (Ft.) (In.)

1 40 3.0 45 2.0 4 2.0 40 2.25

2 40 3.5 55 2.5 5 2.5 40 3.00

3 45 4.0 55 3.0 5 2.5 40 3.25

4 45 4.0 55 3.0 6 3.0 40 4.0

28
Pressure Losses Drill String
Drill Pipe D1 D2

OD Nominal Weight ID (in.)

(in.) (lb/ft) Body Tool Joint
3½ 15.5 2.992 2 1/8 – 2 9/16
5 19.5 4.276 2¾ – 3¾
5 25.6 4.000 3¼ – 3¾
6 5/8 25.2 5.965 4 5/8 - 5

29
Pressure Losses Drill String
Drill Pipe D1 D2

Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

OD Nominal Weight ID (in.)

(in.) (lb/ft) Body Tool Joint
3½ 25.3 2 1/16 2 3/16
4½ 41.0 2¾ 2 7/8
5 49.3 3 3 1/16

30
Pressure Losses Drill String
Drill Pipe D1 D2
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Drill Collars
OD Weight ID
(in.) (lb/ft)

OD Weight ID
(in.) (lb/ft) (in.)
4¾ 54.0 1½
4¾ 44.0 2½
8 165.0 1½
8 143.0 3¼ 31
Pressure Losses MWD and
Downhole Drives
• MWD
• PDM
• Turbine
• RSS

32
Pressure Losses Bit
• Flow Rate
• Mud Weight
• Nozzle TFA

Pressure Drop

33
Pressure Losses Annulus

• Flow Rate
• Mud Weight
• Casing ID
• Drill String OD
• Length

34
Example of Pressure Losses
Hole Size =8-1/2"
Depth Out = 15,000 feet
Max. Standpipe Pressure = 3000 psi
Flow Rate = 238 GPM
Mud Weight = 14.5 ppg

At Maximum HSI
Surface Equipment Loss = 20 psi
Internal Drill String Loss = 968 psi
MWD/Motor Loss = 0
Bit Pressure Drop = 1890 psi
Annulus Loss = 122 psi
Total Loss = 3000

PStdpipe=PSurf.Eq.+PDrill String+PMWD/Motor+PBit+PAnnulus
35
 Unit

Hydrostatic Pressure (kg / cm2) MKS

Kg/cm2
FPS
PSI

• Hydrostatic pressure is defined as a force

acting at the bottom of a fluid column.

Density or Sp.gr of the

fluid = 1.00 gm /cc
• Hydrostatic pressure (kg/cm2)
h= 100 m. = (Sp.gr x Ht of fluid column ) /10
= (γ x h ) / 10 kg/cm2
= ( 1.00 x 100) / 10 kg/cm2
= 10 kg /cm2
10 kg/cm2
36
 Unit
MKS FPS
Hydrostatic Pressure (PSI) Kg/cm2 PSI

• Hydrostatic pressure is defined as a force

acting at the bottom of a fluid column.

Density or Sp.gr of the

fluid = 8.33 ppg
• Hydrostatic pressure ( PSI)
h= 328.1 feet. = (Sp.gr x Ht of fluid column ) x 0.052
= (γ x h ) x 0.052 psi
= ( 8.33 x 328.1) x 0.052 psi
= 142 psi.
142 psi.
37
 Unit
Pressure Gradient ( PSI / feet) MKS FPS
Kg/cm2 PSI /
/m feet

• Pressure gradient is defined pressure of a fluid of

a given density is measured over a unit depth .

Density or Sp.gr of the

fluid = 8.33 ppg
• Pressure Gradient ( PSI / feet)
h= 1 feet. = (Sp.gr x Ht of fluid column ) x 0.052
= (γ x h ) x 0.052 psi
= ( 8.33 x 1) x 0.052 psi
= 4.333 psi. per feet
4.33 psi.per feet
38
 Unit
Pressure Gradient ( Kg/cm2 /m) MKS FPS
Kg/cm2 PSI /
/m feet

• Pressure gradient is defined pressure of a fluid of

a given density is measured over a unit depth .

Density or Sp.gr of the

fluid = 1.00 gm/cc
• Pressure Gradient ( Kg/cm2 /m)
h= 1 m = (Sp.gr x Ht of fluid column ) /10
= (γ x h ) / 10
= ( 1 x 1) / 10 kg/cm2 per mt.
= 0.1 kg/cm2 /mt.
0.1 kg/cm2 / mt.
39
 Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
• Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is nothing but Hydrostatic pressure
acting at bottom of fluid column.
Or
BHP = Static Hydrostatic pr. + Dynamic Hydrostatic pr.

a.) Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)

is constant
when No Circulation

BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure. 40

 Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
BHP = Static Hydrostatic pr. + Dynamic Hydrostatic pr.

b.) Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)

Increases (2 to 5%)
when Circulation

BHP = Hyd. Pr. + Annular Pr. Losses 41

 Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
BHP = Static Hydrostatic pr. + Dynamic Hydrostatic pr.

c.) Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)

decreases
when Pulling out

BHP = Hyd. Pr. - Swab pressure 42

 Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
BHP = Static Hydrostatic pr. + Dynamic Hydrostatic pr.

d.) Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)

increases
when Running In.

BHP = Hyd. Pr. + Surge pressure 43

 Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
BHP = Static Hydrostatic pr. + Dynamic Hydrostatic pr.

e.) Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)

increases
when surface pressure is applied
in closed condition.

BHP = Hyd. Pr. + Surface pressure 44

 Unit
Formation Pressure
MKS FPS
or Kg/cm2 PSI /
Pore Pressure /m feet

• Formation pressure basically is the pressure exerted by fluid in the pore spaces of
the rocks.
• As the rock layers are deposited one upon another , formation water is squeezed
out of the pores due to overburden.
• Overburden Pressure = Rock matrix stress + Pore Pressure.
• Normal Overburden pressure gradient = 1 psi /feet
» ie (0.535 (rock) + 0.465 (salt water))

Sub Normal – Normal - Up normal wells

Unit Sub Normal Normal Up Normal
Kg/cm2 / 10 m < 1.0 1..07 > 1.07
PSI / feet < 0.433 0.465 > 0.465

45
 Unit
Torque MKS FPS

m Kg -m Ft -lbs

Distance in mt.

Pull in kg.
Torque = Horizontal Distance x pull
= Tong Arm length(m) x Pull(kg)

Conversion factor
one one
Kg - meter = 0.980 Deca Newton - Mt Deca Newton -=Mt 1.020 Kg - meter
Kg - meter = 7.233 Ft - Pounds Ft - Pounds = 0.138 Kg - meter
46
 Drill Collar make up torque
Weight Make up torque Capacity Total
OD Bore Thread
Diplscemen
(inchs) (inchs) Connection (M3/mt)
PPF Kg/m ft -lb kg-mt t (M3/mt)

9 1/2 3 217 323 7 5/8" REG 88000 11950 0.00456 0.04106

8 2 13/16 150 223 6 5/8" REG 53000 7450 0.00401 0.03244

4" IF /4 1/2" 22200 / 3180

5 1/2 2 13/16 92 136 0.00401 0.02142
IF 29500 /4110

4" IF /4 1/2" 22200 / 3180

6 1/2 2 13/16 83 124 0.00401 0.0198
IF 29500 /4110

4 3/4 2 1/4 47 70 3 1/2" IF 9900 1380 0.00257 0.01144

47
 Maximum allowable Make up Torque for Bits
Make up Torque
Bit Size in inches Shank size (inches)
(kg - m)
3 3/4 - 4 1/2 2 3/8 410 - 490

4 5/8 - 4 3/4 2 7/8 690 - 970

5 7/8 - 7 3/8 3 1/2 970 - 1250

7 5/8 - 7 3/8 41/2 1380 - 2140

9 1/2 - 13 1/2 6 5/8 3590 - 4430

14 3/4 - 26 7 5/8 4840 - 6220

Recommended Make up Torque for

Stabilizer Sleeves
Size Make up torque (ft-lb)
17
10,000 - 12,000
1/2"
12
7,000 - 8,000 48
1/4"
8 1/2" 4,500 - 5,000
 For optimum Hydraulics

Dicharge = 30-50 GPM / inch of bit diameter

BHHP / inch2 of hole area = 2.5 - 5

Jet Velocity = 350 – 400 Feet per second

Or 100 – 168 Mts. per second.

Pr. Drop across the bit = 50 – 65 % of the system pr.loss.

Horse Power = 0.000584 x GPM x Pr. (psi)

= 0.0001554 x LPM x Pr. (Kg/cm2)

49
 Unit

Power MKS FPS

Watts Horse
Watts = Volts x Ampere power

Hyd. Power = Pressure x Discharge

Conversion factor
one one
Horse power = 33000.000 Ft-Pounds /min Ft-Pounds /min = 0.0000303 Horse power
Horse power = 0.746 Kilo Watts Kilo Watts = 1.341 Horse power

50
 B ottom H ole Assemblies ( B H A )
Building Holding Dropping
A B C D E F G
Feet
100

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35
U G U G
30 n a n a
d u d u
25 e g e g

60 - 90 ft
r e r e
20

15
12 - 15 ft

10

0
51
 R I G BUI L DI NG PL A N
Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Arrangement for
R lowering D/W
I
G
Lowering of MAST
D
I
S Mast & Substructure
M
A
N Mud Tanks and water
T lines
L
I
N Power packs & PCR
G

Electrical cables
T
Critical rig material
P
T
General rig material
N

Sub-structure &
MAST

Mud tanks & water

tanks

Power packs & PCR

R M/P & HSD tanks

I
G Laying of Electrical
cables,air lines &
B water lines
U
I Reaving of csg. line
L
D Availability of power
I to D/W
N
G Raising of MAST &
D/W

Mud preparation &

arrangement to spud.

Spud conference

Spudding of well

O N O N O N O N O N O N O N O N O N O N O N O N
REQUIREMENT OF L E L E L E L E L E L E L E L E L E L E L E L E
FLEET D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W
40 TON Crane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 TON Crane 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 52 2 2
Hyd.Long Boom
Crane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Trailor Loads per day 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 5
 Drilling performance indicator
Cycle Speed
• Indicates the overall performance of an
Asset /Basin .
Commercial Speed
• Indicates the exclusive drilling performance
from Spudding to Hermatical testing.

53
 Calculation of Unit

Cycle & Commercial Speed Meters /rig month

Spud Rig Release

Rig Release Herm.test.
Rig Builing Drilling Production testing

• Cycle Speed = Meterage drilled /Rig month

= M/RM
Where
Rig month =(Number of days from Rig release to Rig release) /30.4

• Commercial Speed = Meterage drilled /Rig month

= M/RM
Where
Rig month =(Number of days from Spudding to Hermatical test.) /30.4

365 days / 12 months = 30.4 54

 YEAR WISEDRILLINGPERFORMANCE
Karaikal Asset + Cauvery Basin

CYCLE SPEED
1100 1088

1050

1000

950 929
METERAGE / RIG MONTH

900

850
837 817
803
800

750

700

650
1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

YEAR 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

CYCLE SPEED 837 803 817 1088
55
929
MTS. / RM
 YEAR WISEDRILLINGPERFORMANCE
Kariakl Asset + Cauvery Basin

COMMERCIAL SPEED
M/RM
1800
1763

1700

1600

1500
METERAGE / RIG MONTH

1447

1400
1380

1300
1281

1224
1200

1100

1000

1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

YEAR 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 56

2002-03

COMM. SPEED 1224 1281 1380 1763 1447