Basics of Link Engineering

HUGHES
Sun Transit Outages for C-Band

NETWORK SYSTEMS
A HUGHES ELECTRONICS COMPAN
Typical Sun Transit Degradations on the Worst Day

TSYS = 130 K
Minutes of Outage Duration for

Antenna Peak C/No Degradation Exceeding 3 dB
Diameter Degradation (dB) Single Event Annual Total
16 25 5 22
12 24 6 33
7.3 21 8 57
4.5 18 10 100
3.7 16 11 120
2.4 13 14 210
1.8 11 17 300
For a 4.5 m antenna, sun transit events occur on typically 6 consecutive days
twice a year. A total of 100 minutes outage time per year is equal to an
availability of about 99.98%.
HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II
1/24/10
HUGHES
Sun Transit Outages for Ku-Band
NETWORK SYSTEMS
Typical Sun Transit Degradations on the Worst Day

Because of the very large losses on the downlink from the satellite, the signals must be processed by a power amplifier before re-transmission. Because the power and mass available onboard the satellite is limited, the amplifiers must be very efficient. The amplifier chosen is usually a travelling wave tube (TWT), although solid state amplifiers are becoming more popular for use at C-Band.
To keep the efficiency high, the amplifier is operated at or near it’s output power saturation point.
The TWT amplifier exhibits a nonlinear response resulting in AM/PM conversion (amplitude variations at the TWT input cause phase variations on the signals at the TWT output) and intermodulation products when operated with multiple carriers. In addition, strong carriers will suppress the weak carriers when they share the same amplifier.
For a 3.7 m antenna, sun transit events occur on typically 2 or 3 consecutive

days twice a year. A total of 25 minutes outage time per year is equal to an
availability of about 99.995%. This factor is often insignificant compared to
other events.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Channelized Satellite Transmitter
NETWORK SYSTEMS
In order to minimize the intermodulation and suppressing effects, the

satellite is channelized, which allows many of the channels to operate
with only a single carrier, thereby maximizing the power available from
the TWTA. Because of the AM/PM conversion effects, the TWTA works
best with constant envelope carriers such as those using frequency
modulation (television or FDM/FM voice channels).
RECEIVER
INPUT OUTPUT
FILTERS FILTERS
TWT
HNS-12028P2 AMPLIFIERS HUGHES PROPRIETARY II
1/24/10
HUGHES
Frequency Division Multiple NETWORK SYSTEMS
Access Channels
The use of a single carrier in each RF channel is well suited to TV

transmission and for high capacity data services, but for applications
involving many earth stations, small low-power carriers are required. It is not
feasible to use a separate satellite channel for every carrier; therefore some
channels must be operated in a frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
mode.
Whenever multiple carriers are used in a satellite transponder, special design
considerations must be followed to allow for the intermodulation products
that are generated both within the RF channel and into adjacent RF channels.
A tradeoff must be made between the satellite RF output power available and
the level of intermodulation noise or distortion created.
FDMA systems have the advantage of allowing multiple access to the satellite
by small earth stations, thereby enabling systems with very light traffic
requirements to use the satellite economically. The reduction in cost at the
earth station more than compensates for the reduced power efficiency in the
satellite TWTA. These tradeoffs will be covered in detail later in the link design
sections.

1/24/10
HUGHES
FDMA Channel Characteristics
NETWORK SYSTEMS
Advantages
• Allows a variety of different traffic types to share the transponder efficiently (wide range of powers and bandwidths are allowed for the
carriers)
• Low space segment cost for light traffic systems
• Small low-cost earth stations can be used
• Each station using the RF channel is independent
• Circuits can easily be added to the each earth station and stations can easily be added to the RF channel
Major Disadvantage
• Reduction of RF channel capacity due to the production of multicarrier intermodulation noise and due to the output power backoff
required on the RF channel.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Satellite TWTA Characteristics - NETWORK SYSTEMS
AM/AM
The following curve shows the typical AM/AM response for a C-Band
satellite TWT amplifier. Note that the saturated output power for multiple
carrier operation is less than for single carrier operation, and that the gain
is reduced as the input power approaches saturation.
OUTPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO SINGLE
0
CARRIER SATURATED OUTPUT
SINGLE
CARRIER
MULTIPLE
CARRIERS
-10
-20
-30 -20 -10 0 10
INPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO SINGLE
CARRIER SATURATING POWER

1/24/10
HUGHES
Satellite TWTA Characteristics - NETWORK SYSTEMS
AM/PM
The following figure shows the typical phase shift of a C-Band satellite
TWT amplifier. This shows that variations in input power result in phase
modulation of the amplifier’s output signals.
0 50
AM/AM
dB RELATIVE TO SATURATION
PHASE SHIFT (DEGREE )

40
OUTPUT POWER,
30
-10
PHASE SHIFT 20
10
-20 0
-30 -20 -10 0 10


1/24/10
HUGHES
Intermodulation Generation
NETWORK SYSTEMS
A B C
OUTPUT dB RELATIVE TO SATURATION
-10
A+B-C A+C-B B+C-A
-20
2A-C 2A-B 2B-C 2B-A 2C-B 2C-A
-30
25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
This figure illustrates the third order intermodulation products generated by

three carriers. For a large number of carriers, products like these are
generated by every possible two- and three-carrier combination.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Intermodulation Generation
NETWORK SYSTEMS
It can be shown1 that the reduction in amplitude of the fifth and higher-order products, with an increase
in number of carriers, more than compensates for the increase in the number of products, so that the
multicarrier performance of a TWTA is essentially determined by the third order distortion even up to
output power saturation.
1
REFERENCE
R. J. Westcott, “Investigation of Multiple FM/FDM Carriers Through a TWT Operating Near to Saturation”, Proc. IEE, Vol 114, No. 6, 1967.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Intermodulation Free NETWORK SYSTEMS
Assignments
For a small number of carriers assigned in a sufficiently wide band, it is possible to define a third-order intermodulation-free assignment. The basic
requirement is to pick the carrier spacings so that no two spacings are alike.
For example, if each carrier requires one unit of bandwidth, and the first two carriers are spaced one unit apart, the third must be two units away from the
second (three units from the first), the fourth carrier must be four units from the third carrier, the fifth five units from the fourth carrier, etc.
In the above example, six carriers require 21 units of bandwidth rather than the 6 units that world be used if the carriers were assigned consecutively. This
method requires a great deal of bandwidth and becomes impractical for more than 8 or 10 carriers.
1 2 4 5 8
RELATIVE CARRIER SPACINGS
0 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

1/24/10
HUGHES
Satellite TWTA Intermodulation
NETWORK SYSTEMS
This figure shows the typical multicarrier intermodulation noise output power
as a function of the total TWT input:
SINGLE CARRIER SATURATED OUTPUT
0
OUTPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO
-20 MULTICARRIER
AM/AM
-30
-40
TOTAL INTERMOD
POWER
-50
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0


1/24/10
HUGHES
FDMA Satellite Channel NETWORK SYSTEMS
Intermodulation
For a large number of modulated carriers randomly assigned

across the bandwidth of an FDMA channel, the intermodulation
noise power will be approximately uniformly spread across the
bandwidth occupied by the modulated carriers.
For design purposes then, this interference can be treated as a
noise power density in the same way that thermal noise is
included in designs. The power density is calculated by dividing
the total TWTA output intermodulation power by the occupied RF
channel bandwidth.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Intermodulation
The following table shows a typical C-Band transponder

intermodulation performance:
Saturated Carrier
Input Backoff Output Backoff to Intermod Noise
IPBO (dB) OPBO (dB) Density (dB-Hz)
14 8.1 102
13 7.2 100.5
12 6.5 99
11 5.8 97.5
10 5.1 96
9 4.5 94.5
8 3.9 93
7 3.4 91.5
6 2.9 90
5 2.5 89
4 2.3 88
3 HNS-12028P2
3 2.1 86.5 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II
1/24/10
HUGHES
Intermodulation
The following curve displays the information from the previous table in a
graphical format.
TYPICAL SATURATED OUTPUT POWER

TO INTERMODULATION NOISE DENSITY
FOR AN FDMA RF CHANNEL
105
SATURATED OUTPUT POWER TO
100
NOISE DENSITY (dB-Hz)
95
90
85
80
-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
MULTICARRIER INPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO SINGLE


1/24/10
HUGHES
Earth Station Uplink NETWORK SYSTEMS
Intermodulation Noise
Similar to the satellite amplifier, the earth station amplifiers are not linear,
and they generate intermodulation products when operated in a
multicarrier mode.
The effect here is potentially much worse, because the earth station
amplifier output is often not restricted by a channel filter.
Since the cost of transmit power is lower on the earth, these amplifiers
are operated with larger output backoffs than those on the satellite in
order to reduce the level of the intermodulation products.
Typical multicarrier mode values of output backoffs are 7 dB from

saturation for a TWTA and 3 dB below the 1 dB GCP for a SSPA. These
output backoffs will yield a two-carrier C/I ratio of about 25 dB. This is a
reasonable compromise between the cost of the amplifier and the level of
intermodulation products generated.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Earth Station Uplink NETWORK SYSTEMS
Intermodulation Noise
An allocation for this uplink interference must be made for any system
using multiple carriers in the earth station amplifiers. Even if a particular
link uses only single carriers in the amplifiers, other earth stations
sharing the RF channel in an FDMA system may cause uplink
intermodulation noise to fall on the carriers.
Therefore it is recommended to make an allocation for this interference

into all carriers in FDMA RF channel.
INTELSAT also provides a number of specifications for the permitted level

of out-of-band intermodulation products transmitted from an HPA. These
EIRP densities range from 12 dBW/4 kHz at Ku-Band to 23.4 dBW/4 kHz at
C-Band depending upon the satellite in use.
These allocations are normally not required for single carrier RF channels
such as television systems.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Cross-Polarized RF Channel NETWORK SYSTEMS
Interference
The bandwidth available for satellite use at a specific orbital location is a limited resource. Most current satellites increase the available bandwidth through
frequency reuse by means of orthogonally polarized RF channels.
Most satellites use linear polarization with half of the channels transmitting in the vertical polarization, and the other half in the horizontal polarization. Other
satellites may use left and right circular polarizations. In general, the satellite re-transmits a signal on the opposite polarization to that on which it was received.
The atmosphere can affect the orthogonal relationship of the two polarizations resulting in some cross talk between RF channels. The depolarization is caused
by non-spherical water droplets, and the level depends on the rainfall rate, the droplet size, the raindrop orientation, and the frequency of transmission.
Circularly polarized signals are somewhat more sensitive to atmospheric depolarization, but the effects are negligible at frequencies below 10 GHz. C-Band
systems can therefore ignore the effects of the atmosphere on polarization isolation.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Cross-Polarized RF Channel NETWORK SYSTEMS
Interference
The antennas used on the satellite and at the earth stations should be
able to meet cross-polarization isolation specifications of about 35 dB.
A typical cross-polarization isolation of better than 30 dB can usually be

maintained on an uplink or downlink including the effects of both the
earth station and the satellite. Care must be taken to maintain proper
alignment of the earth station feeds to meet this level of performance.
The RF channel frequencies of the two polarizations are often offset by

some amount in order to minimize the effects of interference from high
level signals into the opposite polarization (at C-Band, this is usually half
a transponder, or 20 MHz).
The spectral densities of the different types of traffic must be included in

any interference analysis and in general it is preferable to assign similar
types of carriers on RF channels of opposite polarization.

1/24/10
HUGHES
C-Band Satellite Frequency and NETWORK SYSTEMS
Polarization Plan
Uplink Frequencies, Vertical Polarization

5945 5985 6025 6064 6105 6145 6185 6225 6265 6305 6345 6385
A
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A 11A 12A POL
3720 3760 3800 3840 3880 3920 3960 4000 4040 4080 4120 4160
Downlink Frequencies, Horizontal Polarization
Uplink Frequencies, Horizontal Polarization

5965 6005 6045 6085 6125 6165 6205 6245 6285 6325 6365 6405
B
POL 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B
3740 3780 3820 3860 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 4100 4140 4180
Downlink Frequencies, Vertical Polarization
G-8344 P 08/15/97

1/24/10
HUGHES
Ku-band Satellite Frequency NETWORK SYSTEMS
and Polarization Plan

Uplink Frequency, Horizontal Polarization
14030 14091 14152 14213 14274 14335 14396 14457

14017 14043 14078 14104 14139 14165 14200 14226 14261 14287 14322 14348 14383 14409 14444 14470
1V 2V 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16
11730 11791 11852 11913 11974 12035 12096 12157

11717 11743 11778 11804 11839 11865 11900 11926 11961 11987 12022 12048 12083 12109 12144 12170
Downlink Frequency, Vertical Polarization
Uplink Frequency, Vertical Polarization
14043 14104 14165 14226 14287 14348 14409 14470

14030 14056 14091 14117 14152 14178 14213 14239 14274 14300 14335 14361 14396 14422 14457 14483
1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7H 8H
T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32
11743 11804 11865 11926 11987 12038 12109 12170
11730 11756 11791 11817 11852 11878 11913 11939 11974 12000 12035 12061 12096 12122 12157 12183
Downlink Frequency, Horizontal Polarization
0 HNS-12028P2 G-8345 P 08/15/97 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

1/24/10
HUGHES
Cross-Polarized Interference NETWORK SYSTEMS
Calculation
The following pages illustrate the procedure for estimating the levels of
interference between cross-polarized RF channels.
The examples are as follows:
• Uplink interference from an FDMA RF channel

• Uplink interference from a TDMA RF channel
• Uplink C/I for a TV carrier due to FDMA or TDMA on the
cross-polarized RF channel

1/24/10
HUGHES
Examples
Uplink Interference from FDMA
Assume that cross-polarized interference occurs on the uplink from an FDMA RF channel on a C-Band satellite. If the FDMA channel is fully
loaded, the input backoff will be about 9 dB, and we will assume that the uplink carrier energy is uniformly spread over the 36 MHz bandwidth.
Based on a net uplink cross-polarization isolation of 30 dB, the ratio of saturating input power to cross-polarized interference noise power
density in the oppositely polarized RF channel is:
CSAT /IO = 0 - {-9 - 30 -10 LOG (36 x 106)} dB-Hz

= 9 + 30 + 75.6 dB-Hz
= 114.6 dB-Hz

1/24/10
HUGHES
Examples
Uplink Interference from TDMA
As another example, consider the uplink cross-polarized interference from a

wideband digital signal such as a TDMA carrier.
Assume the TDMA carrier operates the RF channel at saturation and that its
energy is uniformly spread over 30 MHz of bandwidth.
If the net uplink cross-polarization isolation is 30 dB, then as in the previous

example the ratio of saturating input power to cross-polarized interference
noise power density in the oppositely polarized RF channel is:
CSAT/IO = 0 - {0 - 30 -10 Log (30 x 106)} dB-Hz

= 30 + 74.8 dB-Hz
= 104.8 dB-Hz

1/24/10
HUGHES
Interference from FM TV into NETWORK SYSTEMS
FDMA
In most cases the interference noise power can be treated in the same way as thermal noise and added on a power basis with other noise and interference
terms. Interference from FM modulated TV carriers into narrowband carriers, such as SCPC voice or data carriers, is a special case.
Because of the time varying nature of the FM TV signal, much of the RF carrier energy can be instantaneously concentrated in a very narrow bandwidth.
This results in interference power densities that greatly exceed the RMS values derived by conventional analysis.
A number of measurements have been carried out on the effects of FM TV carrier interference into QPSK carriers by measuring the degradation in bit error
rate and calculating the equivalent interference noise power density that would produce the same degradation. By doing measurements at various
frequency offsets from the TV carrier, an equivalent interference noise power density spectrum can be estimated for the TV carrier.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Interference from FM TV into NETWORK SYSTEMS
FDMA Channel
The following graph summarizes measurements made for a typical C-

Band modulated TV carrier with a peak deviation of about 9 MHz and has
been scaled for use with Ku-Band systems having a peak deviation of
about 8 MHz. Note that the power density is shown per Hz relative to the
total TV carrier power.
These envelopes can be used to estimate the interference effects of TV

carriers into narrowband carriers. Several MHz near the TV center
frequency (more than just the energy dispersion bandwidth) must
normally be avoided due to the high interference power density.

1/24/10
HUGHES
Equivalent TV Interference NETWORK SYSTEMS
Power Spectrum
POWER IN
100 kHz
C-BAND
RELATIVE
-2.7 f -53.8 dB/Hz
TO TOTAL
CARRIER
POWER
(dB)
Ku-BAND
-3.6 f -55.8 dB/Hz
0
Frequency Relative to Carrier Center (MHz)

1/24/10
HUGHES
Terrestrial Microwave System NETWORK SYSTEMS
Interference
Fixed satellite systems currently operate in the following frequency bands:
North America Worldwide
Uplink 5.925 - 6.425 GHz 5.845 - 6.425 GHz

Downlink 3.7 - 4.2 GHz 3.62 - 4.2 GHz
Uplink 14.0 - 14.5 GHz 14.0 - 14.5 GHz

Downlink 10.95 - 11.2 GHz 10.95 - 11.2 GHz
11.45 - 11.7 GHz 11.45 - 11.7 GHz
11.7 - 12.2 GHz 12.25 - 12.75 GHZ
In North America, the Ku-Band frequencies are dedicated to satellite

transmissions, and there is no mutual interference problem with terrestrial
systems. The C-Band frequencies are shared with terrestrial microwave
systems and therefore all earth station or microwave system installations
must be made with appropriate allowance for interference as follows:
• 6 GHz earth stations into terrestrial stations
• 4 GHz terrestrial stations into earth stations
1/24/10
HUGHES
Terrestrial Microwave System NETWORK SYSTEMS
Interference
Interference Objective
A typical approach to handling terrestrial interference into a satellite earth station is to define an acceptable interference level or C/I ratio and ensure that the station is
located such that this criterion is met.
A C/I ratio of 25 dB renders the interference essentially negligible.
A lower C/I can be used if it is properly accounted for in the design. Caution should be exercised in allocating large interferences since their levels are not as predictable
or as stable as the thermal noise components.
In North America, the earth station interference analysis and frequency coordination involves the following steps:
Analyze the potential for interference

•
Account for terrain characteristics
•
Carry out field testing if required
•
Shield or relocate the station if necessary
•

1/24/10
HUGHES
Earth Station Frequency NETWORK SYSTEMS
Coordination
• Required for 6/4 GHz systems

• Ensures that the operation of the earth station and the terrestrial system are within specifications
• Usually required by a government licensing authority
• Coordination must be carried out with terrestrial and satellite system users within an appropriately defined
coordination zone
• This coordination could involve users in other countries
• Note that this is different from the international coordination of satellites, which is carried out through the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU).

1/24/10
HUGHES
Coordination
STEP 1
In North America, due to the very large number of terrestrial stations, the initial
analysis is carried out by computer. The program is administered by the Frequency
Coordination System Association, and it contains:
• A master database of licensed terrestrial and satellite stations and their

characteristics
• Software for the calculation of interference levels
• Mutually agreed interference objectives (for earth stations this is typically a
desired C/I ratio)
This procedure is very conservative because it assumes:
• A flat earth within the coordination zone

• No natural or man-made objects are in the path
• The two systems are co-polarized
• Guaranteed antenna pattern envelopes are used

1/24/10
HUGHES
Coordination
If the program predicts no interference, then the site is considered to be

interference free. If there are some interferences predicted, then proceed to...
STEP 2
• Draw path profiles on topographical contour maps to assess the
effect of blockages due to hills, etc.
• Carry out a calculation of the attenuation provided by the objects in
the path. This is usually done with the aid of computer programs.
This may clear the site of interference effects. If not, proceed to...
STEP 3
• Carry out field measurements with a transportable antenna. This will
assess protection provided by buildings and the fine structure of the
antenna sidelobes.
If this is not successful in achieving the C/I objective, then shielding is the
next alternative.
1/24/10
HUGHES
Coordination
Site Shielding
Interfering signals may sometimes be blocked by the use of site shielding using:
• Wire mesh screen

• Earth berm
• Solid wall built of concrete or steel
Shielding will yield the following typical signal attenuations:
• Buildings 6 - 20 dB
• Wire mesh screen 6 - 20 dB
• Wall or earth berm 10 - 20 dB
If these techniques do not result in the C/I objective being met, the only alternative
left is to relocate the earth station.

1/24/10

Basics of Link Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basics of Link Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HUGHES

Sun Transit Outages for C-Band

Typical Sun Transit Degradations on the Worst Day

Minutes of Outage Duration for

Typical Sun Transit Degradations on the Worst Day

For a 3.7 m antenna, sun transit events occur on typically 2 or 3 consecutive

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

In order to minimize the intermodulation and suppressing effects, the

The use of a single carrier in each RF channel is well suited to TV

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

PHASE SHIFT (DEGREE )

-30 -20 -10 0 10

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

A+B-C A+C-B B+C-A

2A-C 2A-B 2B-C 2B-A 2C-B 2C-A

This figure illustrates the third order intermodulation products generated by

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

0 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

INPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO SINGLE

1 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

For a large number of modulated carriers randomly assigned

2 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

The following table shows a typical C-Band transponder

TYPICAL SATURATED OUTPUT POWER

MULTICARRIER INPUT POWER, dB RELATIVE TO SINGLE

4 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

Typical multicarrier mode values of output backoffs are 7 dB from

5 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

Therefore it is recommended to make an allocation for this interference

INTELSAT also provides a number of specifications for the permitted level

6 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

7 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

A typical cross-polarization isolation of better than 30 dB can usually be

The RF channel frequencies of the two polarizations are often offset by

The spectral densities of the different types of traffic must be included in

8 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

Uplink Frequencies, Vertical Polarization

Downlink Frequencies, Horizontal Polarization

Uplink Frequencies, Horizontal Polarization

Downlink Frequencies, Vertical Polarization

9 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

and Polarization Plan

Uplink Frequency, Horizontal Polarization

14030 14091 14152 14213 14274 14335 14396 14457

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16

11730 11791 11852 11913 11974 12035 12096 12157

Downlink Frequency, Vertical Polarization

Uplink Frequency, Vertical Polarization

14043 14104 14165 14226 14287 14348 14409 14470

Downlink Frequency, Horizontal Polarization

0 HNS-12028P2 G-8345 P 08/15/97 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

The examples are as follows:

• Uplink interference from an FDMA RF channel

1 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

Uplink Interference from FDMA

CSAT /IO = 0 - {-9 - 30 -10 LOG (36 x 106)} dB-Hz

2 HNS-12028P2 HUGHES PROPRIETARY II

Uplink Interference from TDMA

As another example, consider the uplink cross-polarized interference from a