PARAPHRASING

SUMMARIZING
QUOTING
Part 1

PARAPHRASING
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students
can:
Understand the process to rephrase
paragraphs.
Vary ways of expressions or sentence
building.
Use synonyms smoothly.
Make abstract facts and ideas concrete
to a general or different audience.
Lead-in
Pair work: Restate the sayings:

“Beauty is in the eye of

the beholder” (Oscar Wilde)
Lead-in
Restate the sayings

“Every day you may make progress. Every step

may be fruitful. Yet there will stretch out before
you an ever-lengthening, ever-ascending,
ever-improving path. You know you will never get
to the end of the journey. But this, so far from
discouraging, only adds to the joy and glory of
the climb”
(Winston Churchill)
Lead-in
Restate the sayings

“The important thing is not to stop questioning.

Curiosity has its own reasons for existing. One
cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates
the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous
structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely
to comprehend a little of this mystery every day.
Never loose a holy curiosity”
(Albert Einstein)
Lead-in
Restate the sayings

“One swallow does not make a summer,

neither does one fine day; similarly one
day or brief time if happiness does not
make a person entirely happy”
(Aristotle)
Model Analysis
Work in pairs, read the original
passages and model paraphrases
answer the following questions:
Questions to Ponder
1. How much is the paraphrase shorter than the
original version?
2. Does the paragraph cover all the main ideas of the
original version?
3. Does the paragraph follow the same logical
development of the original version?
4. Which one is the most acceptable paraphrase? If
not, reason why?
5. What linguistic means have been used to
paraphrase in terms of vocab and sentence structure?
6. What are the means of cohesion in the paraphrase
paragraph?
Focus
Definition of a Paraphrase
 Rephrase/rewrite previously published
information in different words without
changing its original meaning.
 State the author’s thoughts in your own
words.
 Short selections: sentences or short
paragraph
 Usually as long as the original text
Focus
Characteristics of a good Paraphrase
Not a summary
Do not plagiarize
Include all minor details from the original
Clearer meaning
Restate the thesis
As long as or longer than the original
 Focus
Process of Writing a Paraphrase

 Read the original text carefully. Underline/Note

any important words
 Find synonyms for any difficult words
 Find different ways of expressing phrases
indicating time or place
 Rewrite each sentence. Simplify sentence structure
and vocab without changing the meaning
 Revise the draft paraphrase (clarify the original)
 Include appropriate reference information
 Focus
Ways to Paraphrase
Literal Free
Use synonyms (to replace Use synonyms
original words of each Rearrange sentence
sentence) structures
Paraphrase sentence by
sentence
Awkward overall structure Borrow ideas without
Risk of plagiarism keeping the same
Used in first draft organization
More natural and
recommended
Used in final drafts
The original quotation
"Four score and seven years ago, our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal . . . ."
A literal paraphrase
Eighty-seven years before, our
ancestors founded in North America a
new country, thought of in freedom
and based on the principle that all
people are born with the same rights.
A free paraphrase
Our ancestors thought of freedom
when they founded a new country in
North America eighty-seven years
ago. They based their thinking on the
principle that all people are born with
the same rights.
Part 2

SUMMARIZING
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students
can:
Understand the process to write a summary
Draw general ideas from a long text
Use general terms to replace many specific
ones
Use a variety of sentence structures with
equivalent meanings
Be confident to use synonyms
Lead-in
Report one of these topics

1. The content of an interesting film

you have watched

2. The plot of an interesting book you

you have read
Model Analysis
Work in pairs, read the original
passages and model summaries and
answer the following questions:
Questions to Ponder
1. How much are the summaries shorter than the
original version?
2. Do the paragraphs cover all the main ideas of
the original versions?
3. Do the paragraphs follow the same logical
development of the original version?
4. Which one is better? What are the differences?
5. Which parts of the summaries are summarized
parts in the original?
6. What linguistic means have been used?
7. What are the means of cohesion in the
summary?
Focus
Definition of a summary:

Be a concise statement of the most

important information
Describe most of the main ideas
Omit details and repeated information
 Focus
Kinds of summaries
Restatement or PrÐcis (Model 2)

- Descriptive Summary
Be a shortening (Model
of a text (6-8 1) in your
sentences)
own
-Be words
more detailed
Analytical than precis
Summary
- - Give
Describe accurately
an effective and briefly
and accurate maptheofmain ideas
the original
- Let
Give
- - Require the
thecontrolling
readers know what
thematic idea
kind ofof
structure evidence
a centralthe original
idea,
- Not need
presents
controlling and
ideaconcrete
how examples or details
anditsupport
is organized
- - BeDescribe
an essay thediscussing
material used by the writer
the original with a indication
of- audience
Not haveandconcrete
purposeexamples or paraphrases
- Use quotations from the original
- Add a judgment of the interest and originality
Focus
1. Prepare to write the summary
 Skim the text
 Note the subheadings
 Determine the type of the text
 Read the text
 Find the most important info
 Make an outline of the main points in ur own
words
 Add the key supporting points, not minor details
 Focus
2. Write the summary
 Write the most important info into a topic sentence
 Relate 2-3 main ideas and details in logical
development
 Combine several main ideas into a sentence
 Substitute a general term for lists of items or events
 Identify the source
 Not include unimportant details
 Not repeat info
 Not include your own comment
 Preserve the relative emphasis of the original
Focus

3. Revise the summary

Read the summary
Check for accuracy
Cut out lengthy words or delete non-
essential info
Write another draft and ask for peer
check
Focus

4. Edit the summary

Correct errors (grammar, spelling or
punctuation, etc.)
Write a clean draft and proofread for
copying errors
Focus

Language to use

Use the most economical wording

possible
Use paraphrasing techniques: using
synonyms and changing sentence
structures
Part 3

QUOTING – AVOIDING
PLAGIARISM
 Objectives
-understand how to use three kinds of external
sources
-understand about plagiarism in writing
-use quotations, paraphrases and summaries
in a paragraph without committing plagiarism
-use suitable documentation styles for
summaries and paraphrases
-use introductory verbs and punctuation rules
for quotations
-use different sentence structures
 Lead in: Read and identify who writes or speaks the
following statements:
1. We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what
we give.
2. But love is blind and lovers cannot see
The pretty follies that themselves commit;
For if they could, Cupid himself would blush
To see me thus transformed to a boy.
3. By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you'll be
happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become a philosopher.
4. Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent
perspiration.
5. Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the
overcoming of it.
6. Imagination is more important than knowledge...
7. Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no
influence on society.
8. Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do
not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not
deserve to live.
1. William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act II Scene
6-Greatest English dramatist & poet (1564 - 1616)
2. Thomas A. Edison, Harper's Monthly, 1932
3. Sir Winston Churchill - British politician (1874 - 1965)
4. Adolf Hitler, His 3rd Public Speech After taking Power.
German Nazi dictator, orator, & politician (1889 - 1945)
5. Albert Einstein - US (German-born) physicist (1879 - 1955)
6. Socrates - Greek philosopher in Athens (469 BC - 399 BC)
7. Helen Keller - US blind & deaf educator (1880 - 1968)
8. Mark Twain - US humorist, novelist, short story author, &
wit (1835 - 1910)
Understanding quotations

- Read two models and answer these

questions,
- What are the three quotations in the
two models?
- What are the differences among the
three quotations?
- What leads to the difference?
 Using quotations
Use of direct quotations is preferable in
these situations:

1. Important statements of information,

policy, or opinion
2. Interpretation of literary works
3. Distinctive phrasing
 Choosing introductory verbs
To choose the suitable introductory word, you
should bear these questions in mind:
*Is the statement being asserted forcefully?
  Use words: argues, declares, emphasizes, or stresses

*Is the statement being offered only as a possibility?

  Use words: suggests, proposes, implies, or infers

*Does the statement immediately follow a previous

reference?
 Use words: continues or adds
 Specific rules
Type 1:
-Use a comma or colon before the direct quotation.
-Capitalize the first letter of the quotation.
Type 2:  
-Do not use any punctuation (except for quotation
marks).
-Do not capitalize the first letter of the quotation.
Type 3:
-Indent the quotation ten spaces from the left margin.
-Do not enclose the passage in quotation marks.
Definition of plagiarism
- Changing a few of the author's words
- Copying words or phrases without using
quotation marks
- Omitting reference
- →If you use the author's words in a direct
quotation or in a paraphrase without using
quotation marks or parenthetical citations,
you are plagiarizing

deliberate accidental
 Avoiding plagiarism
 Cite every piece of information that is not a) the result
of your own research, or b) common knowledge
 At the beginning of the first sentence make it clear that
what comes next is someone else's idea:
 According to Smith...
 Jones says...
 In his 1987 study, Robinson proved...
 At the end of the last sentence, insert a parenthetical
citation to show where the material came from (name
of author, name of book/article, year of publication)
 E.g. Rooks, G.M. (1999), Paragraph Power, New York:
Pearson Education
TIME FOR PRACTICE