Ã



m When a power and a communication line are operated in proximity, the
power circuits may produce certain conductive or inductive effects, which
may interfere with the normal operation of the communication circuit .

m Ã
  is an effect arising from the characteristics and interrelation of

power and communication systems of such character and magnitude as
would prevent the communication system from rendering service
satisfactorily and economically if methods of coordination were not applied.

m ñhe electrical coordination problem arises principally because two distinct

types of circuits or systems are employed, namely
(1) Power System (2) Communication System
m unother important consideration arises from the fact that the user of
electrical energy is generally also a user of electrical communication. for
example power lines for delivering electricity to homes and factories are
paralleled by telephone circuits required to give electrical communication for
the same places.

m communication when subjected to excessive voltages, provide protection

but in doing so may render the circuits inoperative for communication
purposes.
m ×xtraneous voltages in communication circuits from power circuits are
caused by :
(i)Conduction is an important factor where circuits of the two types are
located to each other

m Under these conditions a

conductor failure or an
extraneous voltage wire
may impress extra voltage
on communication line
(ii)×lectric induction ±u section of line with power conductor P energized
from a single phase grounded source and with communication conductors
c1 and c2.

as shown. if the communication circuit consists of two wires

separated even a short distance ,different potentials are induced on
them.
m Ãnterference with such communication circuits may be due to both
electromagnetic and electrostatic action, the former producing currents
which are superposed on the true speech currents, thereby setting up
distortion, and the latter raising the potential of the communication circuit as
a whole. Ãn extreme cases, this raising of the potential above that of the
ground may be sufficiently high to render the handling of the telephone
receiver extremely dangerous, and in such cases elaborate precautions
have to be taken to avoid this danger.

m ñhe fact that interference occurs even with considerable separation

between power lines and telecommunications lines, i.e. with very weak
coupling between the circuits. ñhe following table of rounded values of the
power used in the two systems will perhaps indicate the reason:
 shows a characteristic difference between power and
telecommunication circuits, namely that for telegraph and telephone
lines, power levels are different at the two ends.
m ñhe power system transmits a kind of raw material, electric energy; the
efficiency must be high, but purity of waveform is not of primary importance.

m ñhe telecommunication line transmits a finished product, a message

concealed in a complicated waveform. Harmonics may reduce or destroy
the intelligibility of the speech, or distort music transmitted by land line for
radio.

m ñhe more perfect the transmission, the more sensitive it is to disturbance.

m ñhe receiving apparatus used in telephony, the combination of receiver and
human ear, is extremely sensitive. u power of 100 watts, at 1000 c/s [cycles
per second], would be enough to interfere simultaneously with all the
telephone receivers on earth, and an energy of 1 kWh could produce
uncomfortable acoustic shocks in each of those receivers.

m Ãt has often been proposed that the sensitivity of the receiver should be
reduced and the power at the transmitting end increased; but only
exceptionally is this remedy useful.
m ñhis is a noise type that occurs in the u radio reception and does not take
place in the F band.
m ñhe RÃ for both ac and dc ×HV lines depends on the field strength ×max and
defined as
RÃ = C×2nmax dB
Where C is constant. ×xponent n= 5 to 7 in a fair weather and between 1.5
and 3.5 in rain.
m For the same voltage gradient, RÃ level increases with the voltage as
RÃ = Kr2 dB
ñhe figure above shows a 3-phasse line with communication line conductors d
and e. Ãf the balanced current through the power conductors are Ãa, Ãb, Ãc then
Ãa + Ãb + Ãc = 0
ñhe flux linkage to conductor d due to a will be
Ȝad = 2 * 10-7 Ãa ln (D’/Dad)
Where D’ is infinity. ñhe flux linkage to conductor e due to current in conductor a
will be Ȝae = 2 * 10-7 Ãa ln (D’/Dae)
ñhe mutual flux linkage between conductor d and e due to current Ãa
Ȝad - Ȝae = 2 * 10-7 Ãa ln (Dae/Dad)
ñhe mutual inductance a between conductor a and loop de will be
-7 ln (D /D ) H/m
a = (Ȝad - Ȝae ) / Ãa = 2 * 10 ae ad
Similarly,
-7 ln (D /D ) H/m
b = 2 * 10 be bd
and
-7 ln (D /D ) H/m
c = 2 * 10 ce cd
o
Since the currents are displaced by 120 , these mutual inductances have also
o
displacement of 120 . ñhe net mutual inductance will be,
[ = [a + [b + [c
Ãf à is the current in the power conductor and frequency is f, voltage induced in
communication conductors d and e will be
V = jȦ Ã volt/m
ñhe value of will be small if the distance between power line and
communication line is large.
ñhe maximum critical disruptive voltage occurs when the radius of the
conductor is (d/e).
×



 
 






  
 







m ñhe purpose of any electrical telecommunication installation is to transmit
information, in the broadest sense, by means of fluctuating currents. ñhe
design of a transmission system is always a compromise between quality of
the transmission and cost, as both increase with the bandwidth.
m ñhe quality will be impaired if there is interference of any kind, directly by
room noise or electrically, for instance by induction from power lines. ñhe
reduction of quality can obviously be compensated by an increase in the
signal level;

m  

 

×xchange and subscriber's equipment not separated by transformers from
the line conductors must be protected, by fuses and/or protectors [(voltage
arresters)], against induced voltages and, at least with open-wire lines,
atmospheric discharges.
m  




m When the internal installation is separated from the external circuit by
means of a suitable transformer, the telephone operators are protected
against any induced voltage between lines and earth.
m Ãt is more difficult to protect those working on the outside circuits, especially
against high voltages induced only during infrequent faults on power lines
m 


m ñelephone operators, and to some degree even telephone subscribers, are
exposed to a particular kind of danger, namely 'acoustic shock'. Because of
the high sensitivity of the telephone receiver, quite small currents can
produce a loud impulsive noise, particularly if the diaphragm of the receiver
strikes the magnetic system. ñhe consequence is a shock, and in severe
cases, nervous disturbance may follow.
m ×













 



 

 
 



m Îne would expect the limiting values to be determined by technical
considerations only. Unfortunately, the limits are very much a matter of
judgement (e.g. permissible noise, danger voltage) and sometimes even of
bargain. ñhus, different sets of regulations often give different limits for the
same effect. We shall use, in the following, the limits recommended by the
'Directives' of the 'Comité Consultatif Ãnternational ñelephonique' (C.C.Ã.F.).
ñhese limits are agreed by telephone administrations and power
organizations, and form a useful foundation for all interference
investigations, even if their technical validity is not always beyond doubt.
m 







m ñhe separation between a new power (or telecommunication) line and
existing telecommunication (or power) lines should always be as great as
possible. Ãn planning new lines, even if there are no exposures immediately
arising, it is desirable, in order to avoid future difficulties, to select the route
judiciously so as to leave as much space as possible for other lines which
may be erected in [the] future
m Some interference effects are inversely proportional to the square of the
separation, so that even a small increase is helpful; with others, for example
magnetic induction, a proportionately larger increase is required to obtain a
useful reduction.

m Ãn some cases, the electromagnetically induced current in the

communication circuit may be so great as to render speech impossible. ñhe
disturbances can be kept down by means of a thorough transposition of the
conductors of both the power line and the telephone line. ñhis transposition
has the effect of splitting the induced ×. .F. into a series of mutually
opposing ×. .F.s, the principle being identical with that underlying the
transposition of heavy laminated conductors in large alternators and
transformers.
m Ãn the case of a telephone line running parallel to a single-circuit power line,
if the power line has no branch lines, i.e. the current is constant throughout
its length, and the spacing and distances between the two circuits remain
constant, then a single transposition of the conductors of the telephone line
is theoretically sufficient, but with both circuits run on the same towers it
may be necessary to transpose the power conductors every three or four
miles, and the telephone conductors about every 500 feet.

m ñhe number of transpositions necessary is governed largely by the

sensitiveness of the receiving apparatus. Ãn the case of a telephone line
running parallel to a double-circuit power line, the problem is much more
difficult, and it is necessary to transpose the conductors of both power lines
in addition to those of the telephone line. it will be seen that the scheme of
transposition is a regular one for each individual circuit, and that it is
arranged that not more than one transposition will take place at any one
point in the line.
m ×ach transposition of a telephone line consists of a complete cross-over of
the two conductors, while each transposition of a three-phase line consists
of a twist, in a plane at right angles to the run of the line, of one-third of a
revolution. ñhus three transpositions are necessary to bring the phases
back to their original positions. Various methods of carrying out the
transpositions on both telephone and power lines are shown in Fig.
ñHu
K YÎU