Introduction to some jargons

Process
Mean value
Standard deviation
CV %
Attribute data
Variable data
P-value
Why Charts and graphs
Visualization of data
Easy troubleshooting by allocating the problem in the
graph
Flexible accessibility to huge amount of data on a
single sheet
Easy decision making
Background
Types of variation

Process Test method

variation variation

Common Special Operator Machine

variation variation related issue related issue

*Differentiation of common cause of variation and special cause

of variation
The concept
The concept
Six sigma
What is six sigma
The 3.4 defects ppm concept
Who is the inventor of this all
What is the reason of getting it more and more
popular
The companies achieved 6 sigma
The list can be retrieved at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Six_Sigma_companies

Some examples
Amazon.com Dell DHL Ford G.E Honeywell
Kraton polymers PIA PSO
McGraw Hill United states army
DMAIC
Define the problem
Measure the data from the process
Analyze the problem and find the root cause
Improve the process based on analysis
Control the process
Process analysis using charts
Two fundamental types of charts for SPC

Run charts Control charts

Run charts
Run charts are supposed to display the whole process
in chronological order over the intervals of time.
It reflects the sequence in which the various events in
the process are occurred in the time slot.
A quote
“If I had to reduce my message to
management to just a few words, I
would say it all has to do with reducing
variation”

W. Edward Deming

Deming was a was an American statistician,

professor, author, lecturer, and consultant.
Deming is widely credited with improving
production in the United States, although he is
perhaps best known for his work in Japan
How to differentiate common and
special causes of variation
Common cause variation:
It is inherent in process
Produced my multiple interactions between process
variables
The collection of variables and their interactions is
called system of common causes.
How to differentiate common and
special causes of variation
Variation in the process that is assignable to a specific
cause or causes

This type of variation arises because of special

circumstances
Actions to take immediately on
finding some variation
Immediately try to understand when a special cause
occurred.
Determine what was different when the special cause
occurred
Identify ways to prevent the special cause from
recurring
Actions:
Immediately make basic changes in process
Control charts
These are the graphical display of the process stability
and instability.

Process stability: certain degree of consistency

Process consistency: process in control limits of 3

sigma
Reason for using control charts
Monitor process variation over time
To find the effectiveness of changes in process
Differentiate between special and common cause of
variation
Run charts and control charts
Control charts like run charts display data in time
sequence
Control charts are more efficient in assessing and
improving process stability.
Types of control charts
One type is that displays the attribute data and the
second one displays the variable data.

Generally used types of control charts

X bar and R charts

Individual and moving range charts