In the name of ALLAH

the beneficent the merciful

Normality analysis of data in Minitab
P-Value > 0.05 Null hypothesis accepted
P-Value<0.05 Null hypothesis rejected

Available Methods of checking normality

Anderson Darling method

Kolmogorov-Smirnoff method
Ryan-Joiner method
Normality analysis of data in Minitab
P value 0.035 means 3.5% probability that data is
normally distributed.


P value 1 means there is 100 percent probability that
data is normally distributed
Correlation of data variables
Q. What is correlation analysis?
A. Correlation analysis looks at the indirect relationships in
survey data

Q. When would you use it?

A. To objectively establish which variables are most closely
associated with a given action or mindset

Q. What are the advantages?

A. It can provide a more discriminatory analysis than asking
a direct question
Correlation of data variables
In statistics, correlation and dependence are any of a
broad class of statistical relationships between two or
more random variables or observed data values.

General examples are

Correlation between physical properties and offspring

Correlation between product demand and supply
Correlation of data variables
Formally, dependence refers to any situation in which
random variables do not satisfy a mathematical
condition of probabilistic independence

P value for variables dependencies and concept of

significant correlation between two variables.

Correlation between two variables represented by 1

and no correlation is represented by 0.
Different outputs of correlation
The concept of modeling
What is meant by modeling?

Types of modeling

Advantages of modeling

Mathematical modeling
Statistical modeling
AI based Modeling
Regression analysis
The concept of dependent and independent variables

The relationship of dependent and independent

variables in form of an equation.

The concept of linearity and non linearity.

The concept of confidence level or accuracy

percentage
Regression analysis
Y
Y = mX + b
Change
m = Slope in Y
Change in X
b = Y-intercept
X
Regression analysis
1. Relationship Between Variables Is a Linear
Function

Population Population Random

Y-Intercept Slope Error

Yi   0   1 X i   i
Dependent Independent
(Response) (Explanatory)
Variable Variable
(e.g., income) (e.g., education)
Regression analysis
Path Diagram of A Linear Regression
Analysis

X1

error
YY
X2

Yi  k  b1 x1  b2 x2  b3 x3  ei
x3
Regression analysis
Population Random Sample

Unknown  
Yi   0   1X i   i
Relationship
$
Yi   0   1X i   i $
$
$ $
$
$