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à


à

 

à
 !

  
ã Megger test - CT, PT, Breaker coils
ã Circuit breaker - à
and MOCB
operation Analysis breakers
ã !
 test
ã àpectroscopy - CT, PT
- PT
 
 Test
ã egree of insulation is put at
test (paper-oil system as
insulator) at fixed frequency
(50Hz).
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ã Generation of leakage path due
to some material defects and
moisture absorption .
ã !
 ð

ð


ã 
 _alue decrease as _oltage
applied across insulator
increase due to increase in ð




capaciti_e current.
 
 Test for CT
ã ðn case of CT, !
  test is performed to measure the insulation
between primary and secondary windings of the CT.
ã High _oltage is applied at the primary side, µC¶ point of the CT
ser_es as second plate of the capacitor. This procedure is also called
ungrounded specimen test (UàT).
ã µC¶ point is extra facility pro_ided to CT for grounding the whole
insulation. ðt is a semiconducting layer, coated o_er insulation and is
connected to ground.
ã While making connections, µC¶ pt. is disconnected from gnd and
added to test _oltage source.
ã ðnsulation of CT is uniform at e_ery pt. of primary side so test can
be designed for the _oltage range up to 10kV or abo_e as primary
side of CT operates at 33kV. ào we can range the test _oltage
suitably from 2.5 _olts to 10kV in the safe mode.
 CT  
ã ðt is not preferred to make secondary terminal of the test
equipment grounded in case of CT as it includes stray
capacitance with respect to gnd and if order of ˜  is
comparable to the measure d _alue, we may get incorrect
_alue. This is also known as £
   
 !
ã Value of 
  lies between 0.01-0.1 which indicates the order
of ð

 is almost 10 to 100 times the ð

£ of the insulator
in normal condition.
 
 Test for PT
ã As opposed to CT, PT has graded insulation across its 2 primary
terminals for compact design.
ã Portion near the 2nd terminal require least insulation but it becomes
more prone to the insulation failure.
ã Test experiment needs to be designed , keeping in mind the weakest
portion of insulation as we ha_e to short both the terminals of
primary side to negate the inducti_e effect of the transformer.
ã Graded insulation may be modeled as combination of capacitors of
different _alues, connected in parallel. ailure of the weakest
capacitor can be treated as short circuit path in parallel with other
healthy capacitors which will lead to puncturing of the whole
insulator.
ã As we can not apply a range of high _oltage to the test PT , 

test does not pro_ide the clear idea about the insulation health.
 àpectroscopy
ã We can not mo_e in the _oltage axis in case of PT. The only
option we are left with is to change the operating frequency of
the test source, precisely known as spectroscopy.
ã ðn spectroscopy, 
 _alue of insulation is measured at
different operating frequencies, ranging from 0.1 Hz to 1000
Hz. Connection of test circuit are similar to 
 test circuit.
ã 
 _alue decreases as frequency increases which explains
the nature of insulator ha_ing increase in capaciti_e current
component with respect to resisti_e current component.
ã e_iation from the beha_ior indicates the bad health or up
rise in contamination le_el of insulation.
 lightening Arresters
ã lAs are the idle elements of power system. They only operate
to clear high surge _oltage and high surge current
(~10kAmps) contingent upon them.
ã Principally, they ha_e to be perfect insulator at low _oltage and
perfect conductor at high _oltage. ZnO (a semiconducting
material ) bears these properties and is widely used in lAs.
ã lA connection is similar to PT connected to the line.
Variation in 3rd harmonic component of line _oltage by 1%
increase the leakage current by 100 times .
ã Health of a lightening arrester is measured by percentage of
3rd harmonic of leakage current with respect to total current.
ã ðf leakage current is more than 20% of total current in normal
condition, leakage in lA is in critical condition and during
operation it may fail.
 Breaker Analysis
ã Operational analysis of breaker comprises of only two parts :
Closing operation
Tripping operation.
Other operations i.e. CO, OC & OCO operations are
combination of these two operations.
ã Time difference between the e_ents when closing coil picks up and
when the breaker closes, is called the closing time response of the
breaker.
ã ðt _aries between 80ms to 140 ms depending on the type of breaker.
ã Time difference between the e_ents when tripping coil picks up and
when the breaker trips, is called the tripping time response of the
breaker.
ã or normal operation, tripping cycle lie in the range of 1.5-2 cycle.
ã or normal operation, closing cycle lie in the range of 4-8 cycles.
 ynamic Contact Resistance
Measurement Test
ã CRM checks the smoothness of breaker
contacts during opening and closing operation.
ã ðt is study of signature left behind after the
contact mo_ement. uring CRM test, trace
of current, applied by a 100 amps constant
current source left behind by breaker contact is
obser_ed and studied.
ã ð practice,
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ð