Lecture 21 – Columns

July 25, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Columns Interaction Diagrams
Using Interaction Diagrams
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram

Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10

(r = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram

Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Ast  8  1.27 in 2   10.16 in 2

Ag   20 in.  400 in 2
2

Ast 10.16 in 2
  2
 0.0254
Ag 400 in
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
P0  0.85 f c  Ag  Ast   f y Ast
 0.85  4 ksi   400 in  10.16 in
2 2

  60 ksi   10.16 in 2

 1935 k
Pn  rP0 [ Point 1 ]
 0.8  1935 k   1548 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles, where d = 20 in. – 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can
find cb
cb 17.5 in.

0.003 0.003  0.00207
 0.003 
 cb   17.5 in.
 0.003  0.00207 
cb  10.36 in.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

 cb  2.5 in.   10.36 in.  2.5 in. 

 s1     cu     0.003
 cb   10.36 in. 
 0.00228
 cb  10 in.   10.36 in.  10 in. 
 s2     cu     0.003
 cb   10.36 in. 
 0.000104
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

f s1  Es s1  29000 ksi  0.00228 

 66 ksi  60 ksi compression
f s2  Es s1  29000 ksi  0.000104 
 3.02 ksi compression
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc  0.85 f c b1c
 0.85  4 ksi   20 in.  0.85   10.36 in.
 598.8 k
Cs1  As1  f s1  0.85 f c 
 3  1.27 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 215.6 k
Cs2  2  1.27 in 2   3.02 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 0.97 k  neglect
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts  As fs  3  1.27 in 2
  60 ksi 
 228.6 k
Pn  Cc  Cs1  Cs2  Ts
 599.8 k  215.6 k  228.6 k
 585.8 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h   h
M  Cc     Cs1   d1   Ts  d3  
2 2 2   2
 20 in. 0.85  10.85 in. 
 599.8 k   
 2 2 
 20 in. 
 215.6 k   2.5 in. 
 2 
 20 in. 
 228.6 k 17.5 in.  
 2 
 6682.2 k-in  556.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 6682.2 k-in
e   11.41 in.
P 585.8 k

[ Point 2 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
 c  2.5 in.   17.5 in.  2.5 in. 
 s1     cu     0.003
 c   17.5 in. 
 0.00257  fs1  74.5 ksi  60 ksi (compression)
 c  10 in.   17.5 in.  10 in. 
 s2     cu     0.003
 c   17.5 in. 
 0.00129  f s2  37.3 ksi (compression)
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Cc  0.85 f cb 1c  0.85  4 ksi   20 in.  0.85   17.5 in. 

 1012 k
Cs1  As1  f s1  0.85 f c   3  1.27 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 216 k
Cs2  2  1.27 in 2   37.3 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 86 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts  As f s  3  1.27 in 2
  0 ksi 
0 k
Pn  1012 k  216 k  86 k
 1314 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h 
M  Cc     Cs1   d1 
2 2 2 
 20 in. 0.85  17.5 in. 
 1012 k   
 2 2 
 20 in. 
 216 k   2.5 in. 
 2 
 4213 k-in  351.1 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 4213 k-in
e   3.2 in.
P 1314 k

[ Point 3 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
 c  2.5 in.   6 in.  2.5 in. 
 s1     cu     0.003
 c   6 in. 
 0.00175  fs1  50.75 ksi (compression)
 c  10 in.   6 in.  10 in. 
 s2     cu     0.003
 c   6 in. 
 0.002  f s2  58 ksi (tension)
 c  17.5 in.   6 in.  17.5 in. 
 s3     cu     0.003
 c   6 in. 
 0.00575  f s3  60 ksi (tension)
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc  0.85 f cb 1c
 0.85  4 ksi   20 in.  0.85   6 in. 
 346.8 k
Cs1  As1  f s1  0.85 f c 
 3  1.27 in 2   50.75 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 180.4 k  C 
Cs2  2  1.27 in 2   58 ksi 
 147.3 k  T 
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts  As f s  3  1.27 in 2
  60 ksi 
 228.6 k
Pn  346.8 k  180.4 k  147.3 k  228.6 k
 151.3 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h   h
M  Cc     Cs1   d1   Ts  d3  
2 2 2   2
 0.85  6 in. 
 346.8 k 10 in.  
 2 
 180.4 k  10 in.  2.5 in.
228.6 k  17.5 in.  10 in.
 5651 k-in  470.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 5651.2 k-in
e   37.35 in.
P 151.3 k

[ Point 4 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is

Pn  As f y  8  1.27 in 2
  60 ksi 
 610 k

[ Point 5 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Point c (in) Pn Mn e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1314 k 351 k-ft 3.2 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0k 395 k-ft infinity

9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Use a series of c
values to obtain the Column Analysis

Pn verses Mn. 2000

1500

1000
P (k)

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

-500

-1000
M (k-ft)
 Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Max. compression
Column Analysis

1200

1000
Location of the 800

linearly varying f. 600

400 Cb
 Pn (k)

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-200

-400

Max. tension -600

-800
 Mn (k-ft)
 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (short column)
Column Types
3) Tied Column - Bars in 2 faces (furthest from axis
of bending.

- Most efficient when e/h > 0.2

- rectangular shape increases efficiency
Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (short column)
Spices

Typically longitudinal bars spliced just above

each floor. (non-seismic)
Type of lap splice depends on state of stress (ACI
12.17)
 Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (short column)
Spices
All bars in compression Use compression lap splice
(ACI 12.16)
0  f s  0.5 f y on tension face  Class A tension lap 

( 1 / 2 bars splice) 
 Class B 
ACI 12.15
( 1/2 bars spliced) 
f s  0 .5 f y  Class B tension lap splice


Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (short column)
Column Shear
 
 Nu 
Recall Vc  21   f c bw d  ACI 11 - 4
( Axial  2000 A 
 g 
Compression )

If Vu  0.5Vc  Ties must satisfy ACI 11 and

ACI Sec. 7.10.5
 Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (short column)
Additional Note on Reinforcement Ratio

Recall 0.01    0.08  ACI 10.9.1

(ACI 10.8.4 ) For cross-section larger than required for
loading:
Min. reinforcement may be computed for
reduced effective area, Ag, (  1/2 Ag (total) )
 Provided strength from reduced area and
resulting Ast must be adequate for loading.
Non-dimensional Interaction
Diagrams
Pn Mn
versus
f c Ag f c Ag h

Pn Pn e
or K n  versus R n 
f c Ag f c Ag h

See Figures B-12 to B-26

or ACI Common 340 Design Handbook Vol 2
Columns (ACI 340.2R-91)
Non-dimensional Interaction
Diagrams
Design using Non-dimensional
Interaction diagrams

1.) Calculate factored loads (Pu , Mu ) and e for

relevant load combinations
2.) Select potentially governing case(s)
3.) Use estimate h to calculate gh, e/h for
governing case(s)
Design using Non-dimensional
Interaction diagrams

4.) Use appropriate chart (App. A) target rg

Read Pn Calculate Pu f c
 Ag 
f c Ag required   Pn 
 
(for each governing case)  f c Ag 

5.) Select b & h  Ag  b * h

Design using Non-dimensional
Interaction diagrams

6.) If dimensions are significantly different from

estimated (step 3), recalculate ( e / h ) and redo
steps 4 & 5.
Revise Ag if necessary.
7.) Select steel  Ast   Ag
Design using non-dimensional
interaction diagrams

8.) Using actual dimensions & bar sizes to check all

load combinations ( use charts or “exact:
interaction diagram).

9.) Design lateral reinforcement.

Example: Column design using
Interaction Diagrams

Determine the tension and compression

reinforcement for a 16 in x 24 in. rectangular tied
column to support Pu= 840 k and Mu = 420 k-ft. Use
fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Using the interaction
diagram.
 Example: Interaction Diagrams
Compute the initial components

Pu 840 kips
Pn    1292 k
 0.65

 12 in. 
420 k-ft  
Mu  ft   6.0 in.
en  
Pu 840 k
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Compute the initial components
 h  24 in.  5.0 in.  19.0 in.

19.0 in.
   0.79
24 in.
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Compute the coefficients of the column
Pn 1292 k
Kn  
Ag f c  16 in.  24 in.  4 ksi 
 0.84

Rn 
Pn e

 1292 k   6 in.
Ag f c h  16 in.  24 in.  4 ksi   24 in.
 0.21
 Example: Interaction Diagrams
Using an interaction
diagram, B-13
 Rn , K n    0.21, 0.84 
  0.7
f c  4 ksi f y  60 ksi
  0.042
 Example: Interaction Diagrams
Using an interaction
diagram, B-14
 Rn , K n    0.21, 0.84 
  0.9
f c  4 ksi f y  60 ksi
  0.034
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Using linear interpolation to find the r of the
column 0.9  0.7
  0.7     0.7 
 0.9  0.7 
 0.034  0.042 
 0.042   0.79  0.7 
 0.9  0.7 
 0.0384
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Determine the amount of steel required
Ast   Ag   0.0384   16 in.  24 in.
 14.75 in 2
Select the steel for the column, using #11 bars
2
Ast 14.75 in
 2
 9.45 bars  10 bars
Ab 1.56 in
Example: Interaction Diagrams
The areas of the steel:
Ast  15.6 in 2
As1  7.8 in 2 , At  7.8 in 2
The loading on the column
Example: Interaction Diagrams
The compression components are
Cs1  As1  f y  0.85 f c   7.8 in 2  60 ksi  0.85  4 ksi  
 441.5 k
Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  4 ksi   16 in.  0.85  c
 46.24c
 Example: Interaction Diagrams
The tension component is
T  As1 fs  7.8 in 2 f s
 d c  21.5 in.  c 
fs  Es    cu  29000 ksi    0.003
 c   c 
 21.5 in.  c 
 87 ksi  
 c 
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Take the moment about the tension steel

 a
Pn  e   Cs1  d  d    Cc  d  
 2

e  6 in.  9.5 in.

 15.5 in.
Example: Interaction Diagrams
The first equation related to Pn

Pn  15.5 in.  441.5 k  21.5 in.  2.5 in. 

 0.85c 
 46.24c  21.5 in.  
 2 
 8388.5 k-in.  994.2c  19.65c 2

Pn  541.2 k  64.14c  1.27c 2

 Example: Interaction Diagrams
The second equation comes from the equilibrium
equation and substitute in for Pn

Pn  Cs1  Cc  T
541.2 k  64.14c  1.27c  441.5 k  46.24c  7.8 fs
2

7.8 fs  1.27c 2  17.9c  99.7

fs  0.1628c  2.282c  12.782
2
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Substitute the relationship of c for the stress in the
steel.
 21.5 in.  c 
87    0.1628c 2
 2.282c  12.782
 c 
The problem is now a cubic solution
c fs RHS
15 in. 37.7 -10.38 19 in.
11.45 2.64 19.5 in. 8.92 4.63
20.0 in. 6.52 6.70 19.98
in. 6.62 6.62
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Compute Pn

Pn  541.2 k  64.14  19.98 in.  1.27  19.98 in.

2

 1313.7 k  1292 k
Compute Mn about the center

h   h a  h
M n  Cs1   d    Cc     T  d  
2  2 2  2
 Example: Interaction Diagrams
Compute Mn about the center

M n  441.5 k  12 in.  2.5 in.

 0.85  19.98 in. 
46.24  19.98 in. 12 in.  
 2 
  7.8 in 2
  6.62 ksi   21.5 in. 12 in.
 4194.25 k-in.  3241.4 k-in.  490.54 k-in.
 7926.2 k-in.  660.5 k-ft.
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Check that Mn is greater than the required Mu

 M n  0.65  660.5 k-ft.

 429.33 k-ft.  420 k-ft.
Check the Pn is greater than the required Pu

 Pn  0.65  1313.7 k 
 853.9 k  840 k
Example: Interaction Diagrams
Determine the tie spacing using #4 bars

 16d b

spacing  smallest  48dstirrup
smallest dimension

16  1.41 in.  22.56 in.

  48  0.5 in.  24 in.
 16 in. Use 16 in.
