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Computing Devices Everywhere
| ERATING SYSTEM

‡ A program that acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
‡ An operating system (sometimes abbreviated
as "|S") is the program that, after being
initially loaded into the computer by a boot
program, manages all the other programs in a
computer. The other programs are called

 or application programs. In
addition, users can interact directly with the
operating system through a user interface
such as a command language or a graphical
user interface (GUI).
„
 Ä
  
    
  
     
    
  

    


    
Ä
) GUI (Graphical User Interface): The GUI is the
user interface in which user interact through the
application by making uses of graphics
2) CUI (Character User Interface): The CUI is the
user interface in which user has to interact with
the application by making use of the codes
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‡ |pen sources enable ‡ Close sources do not
users to customize or enable users to
modify the code customize or modify
however they wish to. the code however they
wish to.
‡ Ex : Linux ‡ Ex : Windows

‡ Latest version: ‡ Latest version:

UBUNTU Windows 7
 TY ES |
| ERATING SYSTEM

‡ Single-User : It allows one user to interact with only one program at a

particular period of time
‡ Multi-user Ä Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time.
Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent
users.
‡ Multiprogramming:Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of
parallel processing in which several programs are run at the same
time on a uniprocessor.

‡ Multiprocessing: Supports running a program on more than one C U.

‡ Multitasking: Allows more than one program to run concurrently.

‡ re-emptive
‡ Co-operative

‡ Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run

concurrently.

‡ Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating

systems, such as D|S and UNIX, are not real-time.
 Examples of operating system«
Windows 3.0 Windows 2000

Android |S AIX

Windows Server Windows Vista

|S/2 Warp Debian GNU/Linux

Windows 7
An operating system performs these services
for applications:

‡ In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be

running at the same time, the operating system determines which
applications should run in what order and how much time should be
allowed for each application before giving another application a turn.

‡ It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.

‡ It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices,
such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
‡ It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a
system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may
have occurred.
‡ It can offload the management of what are called M jobs (for
example, printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this
work.
‡ |n computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating
system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more
than one processor at a time.
 |


‡To provide a grand tour of the major operating system¶s
components
‡To provide coverage of basic computer system
organization

 |

 
   !

‡Hide details of the underlying hardware
‡ rovide ³common´ A I to applications and services
‡Simplifies application writing

 !
‡Controls accesses to ³shared´ resources
‡ C U, memory, disks, network, ...
‡Allows for ³global´ policies to be implemented
 `

  | 
 

Î Memory management
|ptimizes the use of random access memory (RAM).|perating system
handles allocation and deallocation of memory space as required by various
program@
Î
ile management
|perating system is responsible for creation and deletion of files and
directories.It also takes care of other files-related activities such as
organising,storing,retrieving and protecting files.
It provides input/output subsystem between process and device driver.Each
device requires its own specific driver.|perating system also detects device
failure and notifies the same to the user.
Î Device management
Î Security management
|perating system protects system resources and information against
destruction and unauthorised use.
Î User interface
|perating system provides the interface between the user and the
hardware. Controls how we enter data and instructions and how information
displays on screen.
 

  
 


Î Time Sharing - multiprogramming environment that's also interactive

Î Multiprocessing - Tightly coupled systems that communicate via shared

memory. Used for scientific applications. Used for speed improvement by
putting together a number of off-the-shelf processors.

Î Distributed Systems - Loosely coupled systems that communicate via

message passing. Advantages include resource sharing, speed up,
reliability, communication.

Î Real Time Systems - Rapid response time is main characteristic. Used in

control of applications where rapid response to a stimulus is essential.
º
       "

‡ Interface
‡ Convenience
‡ rovide a high-level abstraction of physical resources
‡ Enable the construction of more complex software
systems
‡ Enable portable code
‡ Efficiency
‡ Share limited or expensive physical resources
‡ rovide protection
| 
 

| 
 

‡ Interrupt driven by hardware

‡ Software error or request creates #  or 
‡ Division by zero, request for operating system service
‡ |ther process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each
other or the operating system
‡ $ % operation allows |S to protect itself and other system
components
‡ &  and ' 
‡ !  provided by hardware
‡ Some instructions designated as ( , only executable in
kernel mode
‡ System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to
user
‡ rovides ability to distinguish when system is running user
code or kernel code
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-

Xerox
00 Star (
)
Apple Lisa |ffice System  (
3)
VisaCorp Visi |n (
)
Mac |S System .0 (
)
Amiga Workbench .0 (
)
Windows .0x (
)
GEM (
)

- 0
IRIX3 (
,st in 
)
GE|S (
)
Windows 2.0x (
7)
|S/2 .x (

)
NEXTSTE / | ENSTE .0 (
)
|S/2 .20 (
)
Windows 3.0 ( 0)
 - 
Amiga Workbench 2.0 ( )
MAC |S System 7 ( )
Windows 3. ( 2)
|S/2 2.0 ( 2)
Windows  ( )
 -2000
|S/2 Warp  ( )
Mac |S System
( 7)
Windows
(
)
KDE .0 (
)
Be|s . ( )
GN|ME .0 ( )
200-200
Mac |S X (200)
Windows X (200)
KDE 3 (2002)
2007-200 (current)
Windows Vista (2007)
Mac |S X Leopard (2007)
GN|ME 2.2 (200
)
KDE (V.0 Jan. 200
, v.2 Mar. 200 )
Windows 7
 


‡ |perating systems provide a virtual machine

abstraction to handle diverse hardware
‡ |perating systems coordinate resources and
protect users from each other
‡ |perating systems simplify application
development by providing standard services
‡ |perating systems can provide an array of fault
containment, fault tolerance, and fault recovery
 
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