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Emerging Technologies

Presentation by Aviral Chhabra


Modeling Surprise
Modeling Surprise

Combining massive quantities of data, insights


into human psychology, and machine learning
can help manage surprising events.
 Developed by Eric Horvitz
Combines Data Mining and Machine learning
Based on Forecasts
The machine has to have both knowledge--a
good cognitive model of what humans find
surprising--and foresight
Modeling Surprise II
•SmartPhlow, a traffic-forecasting­service
that Horvitz's group has been developing
and testing at Microsoft since 2003
• It depicts traffic conditions in Seattle, using
a city map on which backed-up highways
appear red and those with smoothly flowing
traffic appear green.
•SmartPhlow works on both desktop
computers and Microsoft PocketPC devices.
•Based on Bayesian Machine Learning
Algorithms.
Uses of Modeling Surprises

 Health Care
 Military Strategy
 Politics
 Financial Markets
 Weather forecast Department
Nano Radios
Nano Radio
 Alex Zettl, The physicist at the University of California, Berkeley,
and his colleagues have come up with a nanoscale radio, in
which the key circuitry consists of a single carbon nanotube.
 Nano Radios built from Nano tubes could improve everything
from cell phones to medical diagnostics .
  At the core of the nanoradio is a single molecule that can
receive radio signals.
 Tiny radio devices could improve cell phones and allow
communication between tiny devices, such as environmental
sensors. 
  New nanotech tools are allowing researchers to fabricate very
small devices. The nanoradio is one of the latest.
Nano Radio II
A nanoradio is a carbon nanotube
anchored to an electrode, with a second
electrode just beyond its free end. When a
voltage is applied between the electrodes,
electrons flow from a battery through the
nanotube, jumping off its tip to the posi­tive
electrode. A radio wave alternately
attracts and repels the nanotube tip,
causing it to vibrate in sync. When the tip is
farther from the electrode, fewer electrons
bridge the gap; the varying electrical signal
recovers the audio signal encoded by the
radio wave.
Door to other Applications
e.g Medical field
 Nano transmitters could open the door to other
applications as well. For instance, Zettl suggests
that nanoradios attached to tiny chemical sensors
could be implanted in the blood vessels of patients
with diabetes or other diseases. If the sensors
detect an abnormal level of insulin or some other
target compound, the transmitter could then relay
the information to a detector, or perhaps even to
an implanted drug reservoir that could release
insulin or another therapeutic on cue.
Wireless Power
Wireless Power
 Wireless power technology transmits electricity to devices
without the use of cables. 
  Any low-power device, such as a cell phone, iPod, or laptop,
could recharge automatically simply by coming within range
of a wireless power source, eliminating the need for multiple
cables—and perhaps, eventually, for batteries. 
  Eliminating the power cord would make today’s ubiquitous
portable electronics truly wireless. A number of researchers
and startups are making headway in this growing field.
Wireless Power II

 Marin Soljacic and colleagues used magnetic


resonance coupling to power a 60-watt light
bulb. Tuned to the same frequency, two 60-
centimeter copper coils can transmit
electricity over a distance of two meters,
through the air and around an obstacle.
Wireless Power III
Marin Soljačić and colleagues used
magnetic resonance coupling to power a
60-watt light bulb. Tuned to the same
frequency, two 60-centimeter copper coils
can transmit electricity over a distance of
two meters, through the air and around an
obstacle.
1. Resonant copper coil attached to
frequency converter and plugged into
outlet
2. Wall outlet
3. Obstacle
4. Resonant copper coil attached to light
bulb
Offline Web Applications
Offline Web Applications
 Offline Web applications, developed using Web technologies such as
HTML and Flash, can take advantage of the resources of a user’s
computer as well as those of the Internet. 
 Developers can quickly and cheaply build full-fledged desktop
applications that are usable in a broad range of devices and operating
systems. 
  Adobe will release AIR early this year; companies such as eBay, AOL, and
Anthropologie have built applications using early versions of the
software. Google is working on a competing platform called Gears.
 Adobe's Kevin Lynch believes that computing applications will become more
powerful when they take advantage of the browser and the desktop
Offline Web Applications
•Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR) "runtime
environment," an extra layer of software that
allows the same program to run on different
operating systems and hardware.
•The popular auction site eBay has released a beta
AIR-based application called eBay Desktop.
Designed to improve the customer's bidding
experience, the application itself retrieves and
displays content about eBay auctions rather than
relying on a browser.
• AIR was a response to the Web's evolution into a
more interactive medium. The browser, he notes,
was created for "the Web of pages"; while
developers have stretched what can be done with
it, Lynch sees the need for an interface more
appropriate to the Web of software that people
use today.
Graphene Transistors
Graphene Transistors

  The material: graphene, a seemingly


unimpressive substance found in ordinary
pencil lead.
  Transistors based on graphene, a carbon material one atom
thick, could have extraordinary electronic properties. 
 Initial applications will be in ultrahigh-speed
communications chips, with computer processors to follow.
  A number of academic researchers and several electronics
companies are studying graphene-based electronics. 
 Walter de Heer ,the man behind the Graphine Transistors.
Graphene Transistors
 Besides making computers faster, graphene electronics
could be useful for communications and imaging
technologies that require ultrafast transistors.
 Today's silicon-based computer processors can perform only
a certain number of operations per second without
overheating. But electrons move through graphene with
almost no resistance, generating little heat.
  Silicon is stuck in the gigahertz range. But with graphene, de
Heer says, "I believe we can do a terahertz--a factor of a
thousand over a gigahertz. And if we can go beyond, it will
be very interesting."
Graphene Transistors
•Besides making computers faster, graphene
electronics could be useful for
communications and imaging technolo­gies
that require ultrafast transistors. Indeed,
graphene is likely to find its first use in high-
frequency applications such as terahertz-wave
imaging, which can be used to detect hidden
weapons.
•Graphene hasn't always looked like a
promising electronic material. For one thing, it
doesn't naturally exhibit the type of switching
behavior required for computing.
Semiconductors such as silicon can conduct
electrons in one state, but they can also be
switched to a state of very low conductivity,
where they're essentially turned off. By
contrast, graphene's conductivity can be
changed slightly, but it can't be turned off. 
Reality Mining
Reality Mining
 Sandy Pentland is using data gathered by cell phones to learn
about human behavior.
 Personal reality mining infers human relationships and
behavior by applying data-mining algorithms to information
collected by cell-phone sensors that can measure location,
physical activity, and more. 
  Models generated by analyzing data from both
individuals and groups could enable automated security
settings, smart personal assistants, and monitoring of
personal and community health. 
Reality Mining II
 Cell phones are now sophisticated enough to collect and analyze data
on personal behavior, and researchers are developing techniques that
allow them to effectively sort through such information .
 Taking advantage of other sensors in cell phones, such as the
microphone or the accelerometers built into newer devices like
Apple's iPhone, could even extend the benefits of reality mining into
personal health care
 depressed people may speak more slowly, a change that speech
analysis software on a phone might recognize more readily than
friends or ­family do.
 Monitoring a phone's motion sensors might reveal slight changes in
gait, which could be an early indicator of ailments such as Parkinson's
disease.
Reality Mining III

•All of the devices that we have are completely


ignorant of the things that matter most," he
says. "They may know all sorts of stuff about
Web pages and phone numbers. But at the end
of the day, we live to interact with other people.
Now, with reality mining, you can see how that
happens ... it's an interesting God's-eye view.“

•Sensors in manufacturing plants tell operators


when equipment is faulty, and cameras on
highways monitor traffic flow. But now, he says,
"­reality mining is getting personal.“
Questions

 Modeling Surprise
 Nano Radio
 Wireless Power
 Offline Web Applications
 Graphene Transistors
 Reality Mining

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