•Archaios •Logos 2. The modern sense of the word archaeology •The study of the material remains of the past 3. The Aim of archaeology •to discover, rescue, observe, and preserve buried fragments of antiquity and to use them to help construct ancient life. II. The study of archaeology has four basic divisions: 1. Pre-historic archaeology 2. Pre-classical archaeology 3. Classical archaeology 4. Historical archaeology
Archaeology, then, is an auxiliary science of
history. It is the hand maid of history. III. The Beginnings of Archaeology •Herculeaneum (1738) •Pompeii (1748) •1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt
IV. Archaeology and the Bible
•Archaeology of the Bible fall under the category of pre-classical . •Syro-Palestinian archaeology •Focuses primary on the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods in that land. I. Six Phases on Archaeology A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865] B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890) C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914) D. Phrase 4: Systematic Archaeology (1918-1940) E. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948- 1967) F. Phase 6: New Horizons (1967- present) I. Six Phases on Archaeology A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865] 1.began with topographic surveys and historical-geographical studies i. Edward Robinson (1794-1863) a) “I had long meditated the preparation of a work of biblical geography, and wished but could find no information in the books of travelers” (Robinson 1856, 1:36). I. Six Phases on Archaeology A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865] 1.began with topographic surveys and historical-geographical studies i. Edward Robinson (1794-1863) ii. George W. Smith (1856-1942) iii.“The works of Robinson and Smith alone surpass the total of all pervious contributions to Palestinian geography from the time of Eusebius and Jerome to the early nineteenth century.” according to Albrecht (1939, 374), I. Six Phases on Archaeology A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865] 1.began with topographic surveys and historical-geographical studies i. Edward Robinson (1794-1863) ii. George W. Smith (1856-1942) iii.Victor Guerin [1852-1875] I. Six Phases on Archaeology B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890 1. This period was categorized by the establishment of learned societies dedicated to investigation of the ancient Near East. 2. The first to be founded was the Palestine Exploration Fund. Wilson. 3. In 1871 the Palestine Exploration Fund decided to undertake the daunting task of surveying and mapping the entire land of Palestine west of the Jordan River. completed in 1877 published in four volumes in 1880 . I. Six Phases on Archaeology C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914) A. Herinrich Schlliemann at Troy Schliemann had discovered that the site of ancient Troy was a mound that represented a series of occupational layers. B. 1890.William M. Flinders Petrie 1. applied the groundbreaking work of to the archaeology of Palestine. 2. Petrie appropriated that concept, called stratigraphy and used it in his excavations at the Palestinian site of Tell el-Hesse I. Six Phases on Archaeology C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914)
“The foundations of the discipline were laid in the
first appreciation of the true nature of the tell and how it was formed. Archaeologist began to learn how to disentangle the successive strata and to data each by its contents, particularly the pottery… (Dever 1980, 42) I. Six Phases on Archaeology D. Phrase 4: Systematic Archaeology (1918-1940) 1. Between the world wars, archaeology in Palestine came of age 2. chronology of ancient Palestine came into focus 3. Sophisticated techniques, methodology, and scholarly competence 4. C.S. Fisher. professor of archaeology at the American School in Jerusalem. i. Beth Shean (1921), ii. Megiddo (1925), iii. Beth Shemesh (1928). 5. William F. Albright I. Six Phases on Archaeology 5. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948- 1967) 6. Between WWII & Israeli War 1948 i. Hostile and Volatile ii. Little Work in Archaeology took place iii. Kathlen Kenyon i. Jericho ii. Balk Method “Here she dug smaller squares (usually 5 * 5 m) within a grid, leaving intervening catwalks, or ‘balks’, which were then used to see the debris in section and to guide I. Six Phases on Archaeology 5. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948- 1967) “Here she dug smaller squares (usually 5 * 5 m) within a grid, leaving intervening catwalks, or ‘balks’, which were then used to see the debris in section and to guide careful probing and stripping of the debris” (Dever 1980, 44). I. Six Phases on Archaeology F. Phase 6: New Horizons (1967- present) 1. multidisciplinary approach 2. osteologists, botanists, geologists, zoologists, and other specialists. I. Six Phases on Archaeology (Review) A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865] B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890) C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914) D. Phrase 4: Systematic Archaeology (1918-1940) E. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948- 1967) F. Phase 6: New Horizons (1967- present)