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technologies
• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
– WCDMA – FDD
– WCDMA – TDD
• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution
– FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
• WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number
of networks
– TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
3 © 2006 Nokia
WCDMA FDD Frame
Structure
Middlepoint of
WCDMA carrier
WCDMA frame 10 ms t
f
15 slots, each of them2/3 ms
Differences between WCDMA &
High bit
rates GSM WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
scheduling scheduling with GPRS
Services
with Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
Different capacity applied
quality
requireme
nts
Efficient
packet
5 © 2006 Nokia data
UMTS & GSM Network
Planning
G S M 9 0 0 / 1 8 0 0 : 3 G ( W C D M A ) :
6 © 2006 Nokia
WCDMA basic Theory
Power Frequency
Band
Spreading
Factor
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency
5MHz
Time
Capacity/Interference/Load/Power
Capacity/Interference/Load/Power
8 © 2006 Nokia
WCDMA Technology
WCDMA Users share same time and frequency
Frequency
Carrier
3 . 8 4 M H z
5 M H z
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode
9 © 2006 Nokia
Spreading principle
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
• Separates users through different codes
• Codes are used for two purposes:
• Differentiate channels/users
• Spreading the data over the entire
bandwidth
t
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3
• WCDMA (5 MHz)
• IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
f • CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75
5 MHz MHz)
CDMA principle - Chips &
Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1
Air Interface
+1
-1
+1
Data
-1
11 SF
SF ==RRchciphip /R
© 2006 Nokia /Rdadtaata
Spreading principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code
• Channelization codes
– Separates different channels that are transmitted on the
same scrambling code
– Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
– Period depends on data rate
Spreading & Processing
Gain User bit
rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
13 © 2006 Nokia
Processing Gain
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Examples
R
Power density
Gp=W/R=24.
98 dB
(W/Hz)
• Spreading
sequences have a
Frequency (Hz)
different length
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) • Processing gain
R depends on the user
data rate
Gp=W/R=1
0 dB
Power density
(W/Hz)
• Channelisation code
– DL: separates physical channels of different users and
common channels, defines physical channel bit rate
– UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines
physical channel bit rate
• Scrambling code
– 512 DL Primary SC’s: separates cells in same carrier
frequency
– 16.7 million UL SC’s: separates users
16 © 2006 Nokia
Scrambling and
Channelization Codes, both
in Uplink
•Applying and Downlink
Channelization Code and
Scrambling code to the Data
DL Spreading and Multiplexing
in WCDMA
CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1 Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
BCCH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2
User 3
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3
+
Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
3.84 MHz
SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5
X RF
User 3 X
19 © 2006 Nokia
Channelisation
SF= SF= SF= SF=
Code Tree
... SF=2 SF=5 SF=
1 2 4 8 16 56
C16 (0)=[............]
12
C8(0)=[11111111]
C16 (1)=[............]
C4(0)=[1111]
C16 (2)=[............]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C2(0)=[11] C16 (3)=[............]
C16 (4)=[............]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16 (5)=[............]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C16 (6)=[............]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C16 (7)=[............]
C0(0)=[1]
C16 (8)=[............]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C16 (9)=[............]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C16 (10)=[...........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16 (11)=[...........]
C16 (12)=[...........
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ]
C16 (13=[...........]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C16 (14)=[...........
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] ]
C16 (15)=[...........
]
20 © 2006 Nokia
DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes
• Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
– 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
• Two different types of UL scrambling codes are
generated
– Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10
ms radio frame
– Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are
periodically repeated to get the scrambling code of
the frame length
• Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
21 © 2006 Nokia
Scrambling Code set
Channelisation and
Scrambling Codes
Dedicated user channel
24 © 2006 Nokia
UMTS RADIO PROTOCOL
STACK
Layer-3
Layer-2U
OSI
Layer-2L
Layer-1
S-CPICH
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
PCCH PCH PICH
CCCH FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH RACH PRACH
DCCH AICH
DTCH DCH DPDCH
DPCH
Key: Uplink DPCCH
Downlink
Bidirectional DSCH PDSCH
Data Transfer
CPCH PCPCH
Association
RBS 1 RBS 2
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
UE1
UE2
Code Blocking
Maximum ratio combining
Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different
replica of the desired signal
Multipath Propagation
Time Dispersion
τ 2
τ 0 τ 3
τ 1
τ 0τ τ1 2τ 3 τ
The Rake Receiver
• Each multi-path component is called a “finger”
Buffer/delay
Correlators
Channel
Finger #1
C
O
Finger #2 M Sum of individual
B multipath components
I
Finger #3
N
E
Finger #N R
Power measurements of
neighbouring RBSs
Searcher Finger
Power Control Introduction
• Near-far effect in the uplink
Signal is blocked
One UE by signal from
can block UE near base
the whole station
cell
In the downlink, the capacity is determined by the transmit code power for
each connection. Therefore, it is essential to keep the transmission power at
a minimum level while ensuring adequate signal quality at the receiving end.
• Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all
communication links
• Strategy :
Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is sufficient coverage
to establish connections and transfer date on common transport channels
Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH) ensures sufficient
connection quality while minimizing impact on other connections.
t t
Power control - Uplink
RNC Node-B UE
Quality(BLER
) target
Downlink Power control for both RBSs is based on one signal (TPC bits) from the UE
(it does not distinguish between RBSs and the decision is base on the combined
output from the RAKE receiver
Source BS Target BS
• Features of hard handover:
UE move time
– HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio access bearer and is
lossless for Non Real Time bearers (NRT).
– The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or support
compressed mode to execute inter-system/inter-RAT measurement.
PC
HC
For each connection/user
52 © 2006 Nokia
Admission Control (AC)
53 © 2006 Nokia
Definition of air
interface load
I own + I oth
ηUL =
PrxTotal
PtxTotal
η DL =
Ptx max
Confidential Information of Huawei.
Security Level: Internal
No Spreading without Permission.
Admission Control Strategy
61 © 2006 Nokia
Resource Manager (RM)
• Responsible for managing the logical
radio resources of the RNC in co-
operation with AC and PS
• On request for resources, from either
AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
Code Type Uplink Downlink
– DL Channelisation
Scrambling codes
code
User separation Cell separation
Spreading codes Users UE
Data & control channels from same within one cell
– UL Scrambling code
Code
CodeTree
TreeManagement:
Management:
• •Code
Codeselection
selection
• •Code
Code Treere-arrangement
Tree re-arrangement
62 © 2006 Nokia
Power control (PC) in
• WCDMA
Fast, accurate power control
particularly in UL;
is of utmost importance –
63 © 2006 Nokia
Introduction
• Near-far effect in the uplink
Signal is blocked
One UE by signal from
can block UE near base
the whole station
cell
In the downlink, the capacity is determined by the transmit code power for
each connection. Therefore, it is essential to keep the transmission power at
a minimum level while ensuring adequate signal quality at the receiving end.
time
Confidential Information of Huawei.
Security Level: Internal
No Spreading without Permission.
Inner Loop Power Control
• Inner loop power control:
1500Hz
Measure and compare SIR of received signal
Inner loop
Power Control
Set SIRtar
NodeB UE
•BLER
.
72 © 2006 Nokia
Classification of Handover
• Handover
– Soft handover
– Softer handover
– Hard handover
• Intra-frequency hard handover
• Inter-frequency hard handover
• Inter-RAT handover ( Between WCDMA and
GSM )
Source BS Target BS
UE move time
• Features of soft handover
– Seamless handover with no disconnection of the radio access bearer.
– To enable a sufficient reception level for maintaining communications
by combining the received signal at symbol level from multiple cells in
case the UE moves to the cell boundary areas.
– The macrodiversity gain achieved by combining the received signal in
the NODEB (softer handover) or in the RNC (SHO) improves the uplink
signal quality and thus decrease the required transmission power of
the UE.
Source BS Target BS
UE move time