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Perilaku Individu

Perilaku Organisasi
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung
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Tujuan Pengajaran

• Perbedaan-perbedaan individu
• Variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhi perilaku individu
• Sikap, persepsi, kepribadian dan
pembelajaran

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INDIVIDUAL-BEHAVIOR FRAMEWORK

The Environment The Individual Behaviors Outcomes

Work Abilities and skills Problem-solving Performance
- Job design Family background Thinking process - Long term
- Organizational structure Personality Communication - Short term
- Policies and rules Perception - Talking Personal development
- Leadership Attitude - Listening Relations with other
- Reward and sanctions Attributions Observations Satisfaction
- Resource Learning capacity Movement
Non Work Age
- Family Race
- Economics Sex
- Leisure and hobbies Experience

Source : Gibson 3
 PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU

Ability
A biological or learned trait that permits a person
to do something mental or physical

Skill
Task – related competencies

Demographics
- GENDER DIFFERENCES
- RACIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Source : Gibson 4
VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERILAKU INDIVIDU

1. Attitudes
2. Perception
3. Personality
4. Learning
5. Attribution
6. Ability

Source : Gibson 5
1. Attitudes
Mental states of readiness for need arousal

The Three Components of Attitudes

Stimuli : Attitudes : Outcomes :

Work factors Components Responses

Emotional;
Job design Affective
Statement about liking
Manager style
Company policies
Cognition Perceptual;
Technology Statement about belief
Salary
Fringe benefit Action;
Behavior Statement about behavior
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Source : Gibson
 2. Perception

The process by which an individual gives meaning to the

environment. It involves organization and interpreting
various stimuli into psychological experience

Source : Gibson 7
 The Perceptual Process

The person’s perceptual process:

Reality in work Organizing and translating
organization Factors
Outcomes
Stimuli (e.g., the influencing
organization’s perception A response
reward system, Evaluation and behavior
Observation - Stereotyping
the style of interpretation
of the stimuli - Selectivity
persuasion used of reality Attitudes
by a supervisor, - Self concept
- Situation formed
the work flow)
- Needs
- Emotions

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Source : Gibson
Perceptual Differences and Behavior

Manager’s perception Worker’s perception

Freedom worker
Worker has a lot of is given I am not given freedom to
freedom to make decisions make decision

Manager’s behavior Worker’s behavior

No concern about freedom Feeling of being left out
given to worker staying home

Manager’s behavior Worker’s behavior

Puzzled by the absence Belief that no one really
record of worker cares
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Source : Gibson
 3. Personality
Stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine
commonalities and differences in people’s behavior

Some Major Forces Influencing Personality

Cultural forces

The
Social class and other
Hereditary forces Individual’s group membership forces
Personality

Source : Gibson
Family relationships force 10
 Theory of Personality

1. Trait Personality Theories

Based on the premise that predispositions direct the
behavior of an individual in a consistent pattern

2. Psychodynamic Personality Theories

Freudian approach that discusses the id, superego, and
ego. Special emphasis is placed on unconscious
determinants of behavior

3. Humanistic Personality Theories

Place emphasis on growth and self-actualization of people

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Source : Gibson
Humanistic Personality Theories
1. Measuring Personality Characteristics
Personality tests
Personality test used to measure emotional,
motivational, interpersonal, and attitude characteristics
that make up a person’s personality

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A widely used survey for assessing personality

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A scale that assesses personality or cognitive style.
Respondents’ answers are scored and interpreted to
classify them as extroverted or introverted, sensory or
intuitive, thinking or feeling, and perceiving or judging

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Source : Gibson
 2. Personality Personality Characteristics
Locus of Control
A personality characteristic that describes people who see the
control of their lives as coming from inside them selves as
internalizes. People who believe that their lives are controlled
by external factor are externalizes

Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can perform adequately in a situation.
Self efficacy has three dimensions; magnitude, strength, and
generality

Creativity

Machiavellianism
A term used to describe political maneuvers in an organization.
Used to designate a person as a manipulator and power abuser
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Source : Gibson
4. Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behavior

that accurs as a result of experience

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 14

 Theories of Learning

1. Classical conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some
stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response

2. Operant conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior
leads to a reward or prevents a punishment

3. Social Learning
People can learn through observation and direct experience

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 15

5. Attribution
The process of perceiving causes of behavior and out comes

Dispositional Attributions
Emphasize some aspect of individual, such as ability or skill,
to explain behavior

Situational Attributions
Attributions that emphasize the environment’s effect behavior

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6. Ability
An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job

Intellectual ability

That required to do mental activities

Physical ability
That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity,
strength and similar characteristics

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 17