Optical Technology and Systems For The Enterprise

Optical Technology
and Systems for the

Enterprise
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

Agenda and Presenters
Rob Miller
• Market Conditions, Introduction to Optical Technology and Terminology, Single
Wavelength Technologies
John Seaton
• SONET and Next Generation SONET
Len Bontempi
• Introduction to DWDM
MFN in NJ / Fibertech in CT
• Fiber Service Provisioning and Service Offering
Karl Metzelaar
• Next Generation DWDM – Cisco New DWDM Product

Market Conditions Driving
Optical Technology Deployment
Velocity of Information
Accumulation
Courtesy of EMC

Storage Networking
Key Drivers
“Most Storage Will Be Networked by 2005 (SAN …… NAS)”
50
40
($B)
• Externalization of storage on 30
the network 20 External Storage
• Acceleration of higher 10
bandwidth networking Internal Storage
technologies (FibreChannel, IP, 0
Ethernet and Optical)
98
99
00
01
02
• Need to share and protect
information and storage
resources
• Access to storage is
mission critical

Markets and Drivers
Financial Community
Utilities Storage Government

Connectivity
Internet E-Business
Revolution
Content Streaming Migration to 10 GE
Backbone
Consolidation
Education Healthcare
Enterprise Backbones

Fiber Service Providers
• Manhattan
876 fiber cables per avenue; 24–36
per building
$50–$750/fiber/mile/month
• Fiber is becoming available in all major
metros in the US and Worldwide

One Plus One Equals Three
Sto
rage
Gro
wth
160
140
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
Metro
DWDM
OC-192
120
100
80
60
Freedom from Metered Services
Tornado
40
20
co s t
at l o w
i la bi lity
Av a
Fiber

Cisco Metro Optical
SERVICES
Data (IP, FR, ATM)
Storage (FC, ESCON, iSCSI, outsourcing)
Available
Adaptive
Multimedia and Streaming Content
Management / Provisioning
Legacy and IP voice
Ethernet Provisioning (MDU, MTU )
Aggregation/Switching
SONET IP WaveMux
Scalable
ONS 15454 GSR, OSR,
Open
DPT, Bricks Satellites
Lambda Lambda Lambda
Optical DWDM
Metro 1500, ONS 15200, ONS 15540…….
Dark Fiber
Introduction To Optical
Technology and Terminology
Fiber Optic Transmission System
All Fiber Optics Systems Include:
 Transmitter (Electrical to Optical)

 Optical Waveguide
 Receiver (Optical to Electrical)

Transmitter
Electrical to Optical (E-O) Converter
Electrical In
+
Light Out
-
Variable Intensity = Analog

Blink On & Off = Digital

Receiver
Optical to Electrical (O-E) Converter
Photodiode
+
(original signal)
-
Light In Electrical Out

Fiber Optic Systems - Components
Equipment Patch Patch Fiber Splice

Cable Panel Cable Closure
Transmitter (Tx) Indoor

(Flame Retardant)
or Receiver (Rx)
(E-O or O-E Couplers Outdoor
Converter) Simplex (Rugged) Aerial / Buried
Rack / Wall Mount Splice Trays
Duplex

Classifying Light
• Power (Watts or Decibel Milliwats)

dBm is typical measurement unit of optical
power measured with an Optical Power Meter
• Color (Wavelength)
300nm (blue) to 700nm (red) is visible to
humans
FO systems primarily use 850, 1310, & 1550nm
(and sometimes 1625nm)

Signal Quantity Measurements
Optical Gain or Loss expressed in Decibels

Trivia: How did the decibel get it’s name?
dB =10 log10 P1/P2
Allows gains or losses to be expressed simply and added easily rather than
multiplying very large and very small numbers.
40 dB = 10000X power gain

20 dB = 100X power gain - 6 db - 12 db - 7 db - 9 db - 34 db
+ 3dB = 2X power gain TX RX Total Loss
0 dB = no gain or loss
- 3dB = ½ power loss .251 .063 .199 .126 .000396
- 10 dB = .1 power loss
-40 dB = .0001 power loss
Optical Power
Optical Power
•Like a light bulb - more wattage = brighter light
•Optical Power expressed (or measured) in

dBM which is power relative to 1 milliwatt.
dBm = 10 log10 P1 / 1 milliwatt
100 W 50 dBm Light Bulb
FO transmitters: about 1mw (0 dBm)

Power ranges: 20 dBm to -70 dBm
Signal Quantity Measurements
Equipment dBm or Transmitter Output

W Receiver Sensitivity
Connectors dB Mated Pair Loss
Back Reflections
Splices dB Splice Loss
Cable dB Fiber Attenuation
Cable Length
Location of Connections

Optical Spectrum
UV IR 125 GHz/nm

Visible
• Light 850 nm
980 nm
Ultraviolet (UV) 1310 nm
Visible 1480 nm
Infrared (IR) 1550 nm
• Communication wavelengths 1625 nm
850, 1310, 1550 nm

Low-loss wavelengths C =x 
• Specialty wavelengths Wavelength:(nanometers)
980, 1480, 1625 nm Frequency: (terahertz)

Optical Sources
LED Laser
Launch
+10 dBm
Power -30 dBm
50-100 nm <1nm-10 nm
Wavelength Precision
Measure Launch Power at Center Wavelength

Fiber Characteristics and Types

Optical Fiber Parameters
An optical fiber is made of three sections: Core carries the light signals -
Cladding keeps the light in the core - Coating protects the glass
Core
125
10
250
Cladding
Buffer/Coating
Optical Fiber Types
Coating (245 µm) About

the size of a human hair
Multimode fiber has a large core

Core (50 or 62.5 µm)
relative to the cladding diameter.
Cladding (125 µm)
Singlemode fiber has a smaller core

Core (8 µm) relative to the cladding diameter.

Multimode vs. Singlemode
Multimode allows many paths (“modes”) for the light
Singlemode allows only one single path for the light

Glass Purity Breakthrough
Fiber Optics Requires

Very High Purity Glass
Window Glass 1 inch (~3 cm)

Optical Quality Glass 10 feet (~3 m)
Fiber Optics 9 miles (~14 km)
Propagation Distance Need to Reduce the

Transmitted Light Power by 50% (3 Db)

Manufacturing an Optical Fiber
• Start with liquid chemicals

Allows a high purity glass to be made
• React at high temperature to form “soot”
SiCl4 + O2 SiO2 + 2 Cl2
• Soot “boule” is consolidated into a preform
• Dopants are deposited on preform
• Preform is drawn into fiber and coated

Spectral Attenuation
Loss / km vs. Wavelength

2.0 dB/Km OH- Absorption Peaks in
Actual Fiber Attenuation Curve
IR Absorption
Rayleigh Scattering
0.5 dB/Km
UV Absorption
0.2 dB/Km
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Wavelength in Nanometers (nm)

Historical Timeline
• 1950s
Free space links with gas lasers in lab
• 1960s
First 20 db/km fiber demonstrated in lab
• 1970s
Low-loss fiber developed
Semiconductor laser invented
• 1980s
Distance-bitrate product doubles annually
SONET/SDH standards set
• 1990s
EDFAs first deployed
WDM then DWDM systems deployed

Typical Connectors
ST Simplex Duplex FC
SC SC

Mechanics of Light

Reflection & Refraction
• Reflection is a light ray BOUNCING

off of the interface of two materials
• Refraction is the BENDING of the

light ray as it changes speed going
from one material to another

Reflections
REFLECTION
Some or all of the light that

strikes a surface is reflected
off at the same angle.

Refraction & Reflection
If the angle the ray hits the

surface is steep enough, most
of the light passes thru and is
REFRACTED (bent). The rest Angle of
is reflected off the surface. Refraction
REFLECTION REFRACTION
air glass

Index of Refraction (n)
C (velocity of light in a vacuum)

n=
V (velocity of light in glass)
“C”
“C”isisaaconstant.
constant. “V”
“V”depends
dependson onthe
the density
densityofof
the
theglass.
glass. More
Moredense
denseglass
glasscauses
causeslight
lightto
togo
go
slower
slower(smaller
(smaller“V”
“V”=>
=>larger
larger“n”).
“n”).

Refraction & Reflection in Fiber
Angle of Refraction
“normal”
air
glass
Angle of Incidence
A ray of light in glass will bend (refract)
away from the direction of travel as it
escapes to the surrounding air. The
amount of this refraction angle is
constant. Some light is reflected off the
glass-air surface back into the glass.

air
glass Critical Angle
When the ray of light reaches the Critical

Angle,
Angle the refracted ray starts to travel
along the air-glass interface, and no light
escapes into the air.

“TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION”

air
glass
When the ray of light is shallower than

the Critical Angle, all the light is now
reflected back into the glass at the same
angle. This is known as TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION.
REFLECTION

“TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION”
As long as the light ray stays at the Critical Angle or

less as it hits the air-glass interface, it will remain in
the fiber until it reaches the other end. Reflections
are lossless.

Reflections at Ends of Fiber
Up to 4% of Light Is Reflected at Each End Face
air glass
glass air

Optical System Performance
Issues
Optical Performance Limitations
Attenuation
Dispersion
Nonlinearity
It May Be a Digital Signal, but It’s Analog Transmission
Transmitted Data Waveform Waveform After 1000 Km

Optical Attenuation
• Specified in loss per

kilometer (dB/km)
1550
0.40 dB/km at 1310 nm Window
1310
0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm Window
• Loss due to absorption

by impurities
1400 nm peak due to OH ions
• EDFA optical amplifiers
available in 1550 window

Dispersion
Interference
• Dispersion causes the pulse to spread as it travels

along the fiber
• Modal dispersion limits use of multimode fiber to
short distances – not to be confused with…
• Chromatic dispersion is important for single mode
fiber - material vs. waveguide dispersion
Depends on fiber type and laser used
Degradation increases as (data-rate)2

Impact of Dispersion on Bit-Rate
OC-48
Dispersion Scales as (bit-rate)2
OC-192
Dispersion Effects SIXTEEN TIMES GREATER at OC-192

Fiber Dispersion Characteristics
Normal Fiber
Nondispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF)
>95% of Deployed Plant
20
Dispersion ps/nm-km
Wavelength
0

1310 nm 1550nm
Reduced Dispersion Fibers

Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)
Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fibers (NZDSF)

Dispersion Shifted Fibers
Lucent
Dispersion (ps/nm -km)
+4 TrueWave/Balanced +
Lucent
+2 TrueWave
1530 1540 1550 1560

-2 DSF
-4 Corning LS Lucent
TrueWave/Balanced -

Analog Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Dispersion and Nonlinearities:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem

Polarization Mode Dispersion
• Caused by ovality of
core due to:
Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)
• Only discovered in
the 90s
• Most older fiber not
characterized for PMD

Polarization Mode Dispersion
• “Fast” axis of
propagation and a
“slow” axis
• Travel down the fiber
is desynchronized
(out of phase)
• PMD presents a greater
problem to system
performance because it
can vary with time

Fiber Geometry Problems
Off Center Different Size Non-Circular
All fibers are allowed a certain tolerance in the core/cladding

geometry. This can cause light loss at joints between fibers.

Dispersion Limits
35
30 OC-768?
NZ DSF
Bandwidth (Gb/s)
25
Dispersion Limited 20
D=2
SMF-28 OC-48
Bandwidth vs. 15
Is Easy
Distance Curves 10
D=20
5
for 1550 nm 0
50 200 350 500 650 800 950
Distance (km)
• Dispersion limits TDM bandwidth

• Chromatic dispersion can be managed,
but generally is not
• PMD is an issue for OC-192 on older fiber
Combating Chromatic Dispersion
• Dispersion generally not an issue

below OC-192
• New fiber types (NZ-DSF) greatly
reduce effects
Dispersion mapping with NZ-DSF +/- segments (submarine
systems)
• Dispersion compensation techniques
Dispersion compensation fiber
Dispersion compensating optical filters
Available in some optical amplifiers

Dispersion Compensation
Total Dispersion Averages to Zero

Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm)
Terrestrial Solution Submarine Solution

+100 +300
0 +200
-100 +100
-200 0
-300 -100
No Compensation No Compensation
-400 With Compensation -200 With Compensation
-500 Distance from -300 Distance from
Transmitter (km) Transmitter (km)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable
Transmitter Transmitter
Dispersion Dispersion
Compensators Compensators

Fiber Nonlinearity
• Nonlinear effects are the ultimate limits to

transmission performance
• Today’s systems have longer
interaction lengths
Attenuation can be amplified
Dispersion can be compensated
Nonlinearities just accumulate
• High-capacity systems require high optical
power which causes nonlinear effects

Effects of Nonlinearity
• A single channel’s pulses interact as they travel
Interference
 Multiple channels interact as they travel
Interference
Four-Wave Mixing
1 2 21-2 1 2 22-1
Into Fiber Out of Fiber
• Channels beat against each other to form

intermodulation products
• Creates in-band crosstalk that can not be filtered
(optically or electrically)

FWM and Dispersion
Dispersion Ashes Out FWM Effects
0
D=0
FWM Efficiency (dB)
-10
-20 D=0.2
-30
D=2
-40
-50 D=17
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Channel Spacing (nm)

Different Solutions for
Different Fiber Types
SMF-28 • Good for TDM at 1310 nm

• Bad for TDM at 1550 nm
• OK for WDM at 1550 nm
• May have TDM limit due to PMD
DSF • Good for TDM at 1550 nm
• Bad for WDM at 1550 nm
NZ-DSF • Good for TDM and DWDM at 1550 nm
Next Gen • Great for TDM and DWDM in
L and C bands
The Difference Is in the Dispersion Characteristics

Dispersion Benefits
Dispersion
Limited
Distance
Nonlinearity
Dispersion Limited
Multichannel Distance
Nonlinearity
• Dispersion mitigates nonlinearities

• Enables larger number of DWDM channels at tighter spacing
• To balance TDM and WDM requirements
Maintain zero-average dispersion at end of link
Avoid local zero-dispersion points

Some Rules of Thumb for
Attenuation in Cable Plant
• Fiber Loss Specified as .24 dB per Km for 1550 nm signal on SMF-28

(very conservative – typical measured loss is .16 dB/Km)
• Fiber Loss Specified as .34 dB per Km for 1300 nm signal on SMF-28

(very conservative – typical measured loss is .18 dB/Km)
• Lose about .1dB per splice
• Lose about 1 dB for two connectors (launch and receive or center patch)
• Often figures between .25 to .30 dB per Km are used as rough orders of
magnitude for fiber plant including splices and patches. It is best to get
dB figures from your Fiber service provider rather than distances.

LAN Extension, ATM, POS

Single Wavelength Optical
Overview
•When to Use Single Wavelength Optical
•Many Different interface types are not required
•Bandwidth provided by a single wavelength is
adequate
•Traditional Uses of Single Wavelength Optical:
•Extending LAN Coverage Area
•ATM LAN/WAN Connections
•New Uses for Single Wavelength Optical:
•Sonet for the Enterprise
•Packet over Sonet
•Dynamic Packet Transport

LAN Extension

LAN Extension
•Optical links can simply extend distances on
LAN connections – Gigabit Ethernet
•Layer 1 – Optical fiber is transparent to higher
level protocols
•1000Base-LX/LH and ZX GBIC for many Cisco
Catalyst Switches
LX - GBIC 1310 nm Laser
10 Km / 6.2 miles
ZX - GBIC 1550 nm Laser

70 Km / 43 miles NDSF (Standard Single Mode)
100 Km / 62 miles DSF

Example Customer
•Sites located just beyond the reach of ZX

Gigabit Ethernet
•Provisioned dark fiber and managed collocated
Catalyst 4000 acting as a repeater
70 Km / 43 miles 70 Km / 43 miles

ATM

End-to-End ATM Solutions
• Workgroup/Campus ATM switches working with ATM WAN

switches
• Sub-E1/T1 speeds to OC-48c and other circuit types (Frame
Relay, T1 CE, V.35 TDM etc.)
• End-to-end enterprise ATM—uplinks, switches, routers
• End-to-end telco/service providers/ CLECs ATM solutions –
LAN to WAN
• Cisco ATM Switches are available with XLR 1550 nm
interfaces capable of 100 Km
• Can be extended over DWDM with other traffic types

Packet over Sonet

Packet Over Sonet
• Packet over SONET (PoS) allows efficient

transport of IP over SONET/SDH

POS Continued
• PoS has low overhead -- averaging

about 3 percent, significantly lower than the
15 percent average for the asynchronous
transfer mode (ATM) cell tax.
• Core Network Technology -- efficient
link utilization coupled with high-bandwidth
capacity make PoS a preferred technology for
building the core of data networks.

POS to Sonet Networks
WAN PoS links are provisioned as point-to-

point circuits over carrier SONET/SDH
networks and the circuits are dropped off
from ADMs.
Routers are connected to the ADMs via PoS
interfaces.

POS to Dark Fiber
IP routers are connected directly to dark fiber using

PoS interfaces.
Regenerators can be inserted into the link to maintain
signal integrity and provide appropriate jitter control
across long distances

Dynamic Packet Transport
(DPT)
Dynamic Packet Transport Technology
Objectives
Cisco
12000
Cisco Cisco
12000 12000
Regional Metro IP
Cisco 12000
• Scalable Internet Service

• Reliable IP-aware Optical Transport
• Simplified Network Operations

DPT - Packet Optimized IP Rings
Technology Overview
• Consists of two counter-rotating Working

fibers
• Runs transparently over all key
fiber transport infrastructures -
Dark fiber, WDM, SONET
• Utilizes major new protocol to DPT
maximize ring bandwidth
multiplication: Spatial Reuse Ring
(over dark fiber)
Protocol (SRP)
• Utilizes major new feature set to
maximize robustness, resiliency,
and <50ms restoration: Intelligent
Protection Switching (IPS)

DPT - Scalability and IP Service
Optimization
• Dual counter rotating rings w/ high Outer Ring

speed data transport on both rings GSR
Cisco 75XX Inner Ring
Outer Ring
• No dedicated pt to pt connections Control
Data
• Control messages carried in Outer Ring
opposite direction from data- no Cisco 75XX Control Cisco 75XX
reserved bandwidth for protection,

robust protection guarantees Inner Ring
Data
GSR
Maximized efficiency for IP Cisco 75XX

Inner Ring
services
Cisco 75XX
Maximized bandwidth availability

Spatial Reuse Protocol
• SRP - New Layer 2 MAC Section Path

technology plus Line Over-
Overhead head
Concatenated
Payload
Uses SONET/SDH framing
Destination stripping MAC IP Packet MAC IP Packet …
Fairness (SRP-fa)
Multiple nodes transmit GSR
concurrently 75XX
Scalable 75XX
75XX
75XX
DPT-Based
Fast protection switching LAN/MAN/WAN
and service restoration
75XX
GSR
GSR
Multicasting and priority 75XX

Spatial Reuse
A B
• Bandwidth consumed
only on traversed
segment
• Unicast packets travel
along ring spans
between source and
destinations nodes only
Destination stripping
D C

SRP Fairness Algorithm
• SRP-fa is the mechanism that ensures

Global Fairness—each node gets a fair share of
the ring bandwidth
Local Optimization—node maximally leverages
the spatial reuse properties of the ring
Scalability—the ability to build large rings with
many nodes that spans across large
geographically distributed area

Intelligent Protection Switching
Fiber Cut
• Like SONET/SDH, DPT provides GSR
Proactive performance monitor
and self-healing via ring wrapping
Fast 50-ms restoration
Protection switching hierarchy Cisco 75XX
Cisco 75XX
• Unlike SONET/SDH,
DPT provides
signaling via explicit control messages
Multilayer awareness and elastic cooperation GSR
Cisco 75XX
differentiated handling by priority
enhanced pass-through mode
Fast IP service restoration on large rings Cisco 75XX
No dedicated protection bandwidth
and intelligent rehoming after wrap Detects Alarms and Events
Minimal configuration and provisioning and Wraps Ring ~50 ms

DPT Multicasting Support
Source
• Packet flow
Sourced onto ring GSR
with multicast bit set Cisco 75XX
Received by
appropriate Cisco 75XX Cisco 75XX
routers on ring
Stripped from Cisco 75XX
GSR
ring by source
Cisco 75XX

DPT Transport Flexibility
DPT
Dark
SONET WDM
Fiber

DPT over Dark Fiber
DPT Running Directly over

Dark Fiber Cisco
12000
GSR
Cisco GSR Cisco

Dark Fiber 12000
72xx/75xx
Cisco
72xx/75xx

DPT over SONET/SDH
Cisco
DPT Ring Running within 7xxx
SONET/SDH Ring
SONET
ADM
Cisco SONET SONET GSR Cisco

ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
7xxx 12000
SONET
ADM
Cisco
7xxx
DPT and SONET/SDH over DWDM
DPT and SONET/SDH running in Cisco 12000

parallel on two separate lambdas GSR
SONET
ADM
DPT
GSR SONET
Cisco 12000
ADM
DWDM
Rings
GSR
SONET Cisco 12000
ADM
SONET
SONET
ADM
GSR
Cisco 12000

Metropolitan IP Access
Product Portfolio
Cisco 7500 series
ONS 15190
Cisco uBR 7200 series
ONS 15104
Cisco 12000 series
Cisco 7200 series
And Growing...
RUNet 2000 Design Model
Data Model
Busch
New Brunswick
Campus
MAN
College Avenue
Campus
OC-48
DPT
Livingston
Campus
Cook/Douglass
Campus

RUNet 2000 Design Model
Data Model
MAN GEC
Core Layer
Services Newark MAN
GEC
Legacy
Network Core
Services
OC-3 POS
Primary
New Brunswick MAN
Core
OC-48 DPT
GEC
OC-3 ATM
T1
MAN
Services
Camden MAN
GEC
MAN
Services GEC

Optical Technology and Systems For The Enterprise

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Optical Technology

and Systems for the

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5

Utilities Storage Government

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8

ONS 15454 GSR, OSR,

Lambda Lambda Lambda

All Fiber Optics Systems Include:

 Transmitter (Electrical to Optical)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11

Electrical to Optical (E-O) Converter

Variable Intensity = Analog

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 12

Optical to Electrical (O-E) Converter

Light In Electrical Out

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 13

Equipment Patch Patch Fiber Splice

Transmitter (Tx) Indoor

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 14

• Power (Watts or Decibel Milliwats)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 15

Optical Gain or Loss expressed in Decibels

40 dB = 10000X power gain

•Like a light bulb - more wattage = brighter light

•Optical Power expressed (or measured) in

100 W 50 dBm Light Bulb

FO transmitters: about 1mw (0 dBm)

Equipment dBm or Transmitter Output

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 18

850, 1310, 1550 nm

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 19

Power -30 dBm

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 20

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 21

Coating (245 µm) About

Multimode fiber has a large core

Cladding (125 µm)

Singlemode fiber has a smaller core

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 23

Multimode allows many paths (“modes”) for the light

Singlemode allows only one single path for the light

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 24

Fiber Optics Requires

Window Glass 1 inch (~3 cm)

Propagation Distance Need to Reduce the

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 25

• Start with liquid chemicals

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 26

Loss / km vs. Wavelength

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Wavelength in Nanometers (nm)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 27

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 28

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 29

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 30

• Reflection is a light ray BOUNCING

• Refraction is the BENDING of the