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Lecture 1
Wireless Fundamentals
Shibli Nisar
NU-FAST
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Course Division
1. Fundamentals
History & Evolution of wireless systems, various impairments in wireless channels. Multi-path
signal propagation, Fading and its types, Doppler Effect, Error compensation mechanisms in
wireless channels
FDMA-TDD/FDD, TDMA-FDD/TDD and CDMA-FDD/TDD Systems.
Equalization
2. Wireless Data Networks
Data networks, IEEE 802.11 WLANS their design and operation, Random Access Methods.
Mobile IP.
WLLs: MMDS/LMDS, Wi-MAX
Bluetooth
3. Cellular System
Cellular Fundamentals: Cellular systems, cellular operations, Handoffs & Cluster size
Relationship between C/I and Cluster Size, Derivation of expressions to link the Re-Use ratio
(D/R) to the Cluster Size (N) , Power control, cellular hierarchy, AMPS and AMPS architecture,
Call establishment and control
Frequency planning & re-use, Radio Propagation effects, Adjecent Interference, Cell splitting
Tele traffic engineering
GSM: architecture, entities, channels, signal processing, handoff, call control, roaming, security
CDMA
GPRS
4. Overview of Cutting-edge Technologies: 3G and Beyond
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Recommended Books
David Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation
Channel, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons; ISBN:
047198857
Lecture Notes
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Tentative Grading
Assignments = 5%
Quizzes = 10%
Mids = 30% (15% each)
Final Exam = 55%
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Wireless communication
What is wireless communication:
Any form of communication that does not require a
transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact
Electromagnetic waves propagate through free
space
Radar, RF, Microwave, IR, Optical
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Types of Communication
Simplex
one-way communication
radio, TV, etc
Half-duplex:
two-way communication but not simultaneous
push-to-talk radios, etc
Full-duplex:
two-way communication
cellular phones
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Forms of Communication
Analogue & Digital
Which one is Better?
Digital?
Why?
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8
9
Good processing techniques are available
for digital signals, such as
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Types of Media/Environments used
for Communication
Wireless & Wired
Why Wireless is better than Wired ?
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User Mobility
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Wireless vs. Wired Communication
Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation
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Wireless vs. Wired Communication
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Wireless vs. Wired Communication
Noisy, time-varying channel
Environmental conditions affect transmission
Shared medium
Other users create interference
Must develop ways to share the channel
Bandwidth is limited
spectrum allocated by state rules
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Classification of Wireless Systems
Mobile Wireless Systems
GSM, CDMA
Ad-hoc
Fixed Wireless Systems
WiMax(IEEE 802.16a)
MMDS, LMDS
Infrastructure Dependent Wireless Systems
Cellular
WLL, WiMAX, Satellite
Ad Hoc Wireless Systems
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Wireless Networks - Infrastructure
Satellite – Wide coverage and high mobility
Cellular networks – High mobility
Wireless LANs etc – Low/None mobility
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Wireless Networks - Ad Hoc
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Adhoc Network
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Cellular Networks
First Generation
Analog Systems with Voice Traffic
Analog Modulation, mostly FM
FDMA/FDD multiple access
2.5G
Digital Systems
Voice + Low-data rate
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Third Generation
Digital
Voice + High-data rate
Multimedia Transmission
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Evolution Path
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Gain
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Gain
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Loss
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Loss
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Loss
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Radio Propagation Mechanisms
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Multi-path Propagation
Received signal is made up of several paths which can be classified as:
1. Direct Path
2. Reflected Path
3. Scattered Path
4. Diffracted Path
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Multipath Propagation
Reflection
Occurs when signal encounters a surface that is
large relative to the wavelength of the signal
Diffraction
Occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is
large compared to wavelength of radio wave
Scattering
Occurs when incoming signal hits an object whose
size in the order of the wavelength of the signal or
less
Other Basic Propagation
Mechanisms
Reflection: It occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave
intrudes upon an object which has very large dimensions when
compared to the wavelength of the propagating wave. Reflection occurs
from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls.
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LOS & NLOS Scenarios
LOS (Line of Sight): Since, the received signal is directly received
at the receiver the effects such as reflection, diffraction and scattering
doesn’t affect the signal reception that much.
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Multipath
Multipath is defined as the composition of a primary
signal plus duplicate or echoed wave fronts caused by
reflections of waves off objects between the
transmitter and receiver
The delay between the instant that the first main
signal arrives and the instant that the last reflected
signal arrives is known as delay spread
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Effects of Multipath
Multipath can cause several different
conditions, all of which can affect the
transmission of the RF signal differently
These conditions include:
Decreased Signal Amplitude (downfade)
Corruption
Nulling
Increased Signal Amplitude (upfade)
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Decreased Signal Amplitude
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Corruption
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Nulling
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Increased Signal Amplitude
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Antenna Diversity
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Characteristics of the Wireless Channels (Impairments)
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Noise
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Noise
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Other Impairments
Atmospheric absorption – water vapor and
oxygen contribute to attenuation
Multipath propagation – obstacles reflect
signals so that multiple copies with varying
delays are received
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Multipath Propagation
Reflection
Occurs when signal encounters a surface that is
large relative to the wavelength of the signal
Diffraction
Occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is
large compared to wavelength of radio wave
Scattering
Occurs when incoming signal hits an object whose
size in the order of the wavelength of the signal or
less
Multipath Propagation
Effects of Multipath Propagation
180o 0o
200 o
300o
270o
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Fast Fading in Mobile terrestrial
Channel
Constructive interference takes place
when two or more rays arrive in-phase
(or almost in-phase) with each other
Destructive interference takes place
when two or more rays arrive anti-phase
(or almost out-of-phase) with each
other. This also means rays arriving 180o
apart from each other
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Rayleigh Fading
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BER for Various Fading Conditions
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Slow Fading or Shadow Fading
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Slow Fading (Shadowing)
Shadowing: It is the term given to the slow variations in received
signal power as the user moves through the environment, especially
behind large buildings or near by hills. These variations occur approx. 1
-2 times per second, that’s why Slow Fading!
Reflected
Scattered Path
Diffracted Path
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Shadowing: Behavior Prediction and
Mathematical Modeling
Behavior of the Constraint
P & 1/d4
Equipment Developed
PT (Transmit power)
GT (Transmit Antenna Gain)
GR (Receiver Antenna Gain)
Effective Area of Antenna
Note: This effect can be mitigated by increasing the power using Amp.
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Slow Fading (Shadowing)
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Two More Types of Fading
Flat Fading
All frequency components of the received
signal fluctuate in the same proportions
simultaneously
Selective Fading
Affects unequally the different spectral
components of a radio signal
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Interference
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Interference
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