DATA COMMUNICATION

&
NETWORKING
 
 
 

 
 
 
by
    

Prof. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Rajput

 INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
The basic distinguishing feature between humans and animals is their ability to
exchange information effectively. Although animals do communicate, for
example when bees discover a source of nectar, they reveal its location to the
other bees on returning to the hive. They communicate the distance to the
source by means of a dance; the direction is indicated by the angle of the axis
of the dance, and the amount of nectar by the vigorousness of the dance.
Scientists have recorded and identified birdcalls for hunger, food bearing,
warning, and distress. Research into the behavior of whales and dolphins has
revealed that they have relatively elaborate vocal signals and that they
communicate over long distances underwater. But humans are gifted with
languages to express their ideas i.e. they have been given the power of
communication, along with many sensors.

With the growth of civilization and the development of written languages came
the need to communicate regularly at longer distances as well, so as to
conduct the trade and other affairs of nations and empires.
 FIRST DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
(BY MORSE)

One of the first applications of the electricity was to extend communication

range. The first communication system, i.e. the telegraph, was digital in nature.

The messages were sent by turning electrical signals on and off. This system

later on evolved into telephone system, where the electrical signals are varied

at audio rates. However these are the examples of wired communication.

 TELECOMMUNICATION

The next development was to make the communication wireless that is to

extend the range of communication further. For the first time the wireless or

radio communication system was designed for ships at seas. These older short

distance radio links have been modernized to have global connectivity with

the evolution of mobile communications. And such significant advancements

have resulted into a whole branch of electronics i.e. Telecommunication.

 WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION

The term telecommunication is actually composed of two words; the prefix

Tele- means “over a distance”, and Communication means process of

sending and receiving of information.

Where as telecommunication is referred to as, the branch of electronics

concerned with the information exchange by electrical means.

DIGITAL SIGNALS TRANSMITTED
OVER AN ANALOG CIRCUIT

MODEM
MODEM
Data Machine
(e.g. terminals)
Data Machine

FDM Data Machine FDM

(e.g. terminals)

MODEM
MODEM

Analog
Multiplexing Analog
De-Multiplexing

MODEM
MODEM
ANALOG SIGNALS TRANSMITTED
OVER A DIGITAL CIRCUIT

Phone Telephones

 Codec
TDM
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
TDM
Codec

 Codec Codec

Digital  Digital 
De-multiplexing De-multiplexing
 Codec Codec


MODEMS AND CODECS
MILESTONES
MILESTONES IN
IN COMMUNICATIONS
COMMUNICATIONS
DECAD 1794:
1794: Optical
OpticalTelegraph
TelegraphininFrance
Francecuts
cuts
E message
message delivery time from aday
delivery time from a dayto
to
30
30minutes
minutes
1790
1800 1840:
1840: Samuel
SamuelF.F.B.
B.Morse
Morsedeveloped
developedand
and
patented Morse Code for telegraphy
1810 patented Morse Code for telegraphy

1820
1830
1840 1844:
1844: Samuel
SamuelMorse
Morsesends
sendsthe
thephrase
phrase

1850 “What
“Whathath
hathGod
Godwrought”
wrought”

from
fromBaltimore
Baltimoreto
toWashington
Washingtonin
inMorse
Morse
code
 

1874:
1874:Thomas
ThomasEdison’s
Edison’sQuad
Quadsends
sendstwo
twomessages
messagesinineach
each
direction on a single telegraph line.
direction on a single telegraph line.
DECAD
E
1860 1876:
1876:Alexander
AlexanderGraham
with the
GrahamBell
words, “Mr.
Bellmade
madethe
Watson,
thefirst
come
firsttelephone
telephonecall
here, I want
calltotohis
you.”
with the words, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want you.”
hisassistant
assistant

1870 1889:
1889:Almon
AlmonStrowger
Strowgerdeveloped
developedthe
thefirst
firstautomatic
automatic(electromechanical)
(electromechanical)
telephone exchange.
telephone exchange.
1880
1901:
1901:Guglielmo
GuglielmoMarconi
Marconidemonstrated
demonstratedthatthatradio
radiowaves
wavescould
couldbe
beused
usedtoto
1890 transmit
transmitinformation
message
informationover
across the
overlong
longdistances
Atlantic.
message across the Atlantic.
distanceswhen
whenhe
hesent
sentaaradio
radio

1900
1910 1917:
1917:AT&T’s
AT&T’ssystem
systemsends
pair of lines.
pair of lines.
sendsfour
fourtelephone
telephonecalls
callsatatonce
oncealong
alongaasingle
single

1920
ELI M
 1944:
1944:AT&T’s
AT&T’sL1 L1system
systemtransmits
transmits600
600calls
callsatatonce
onceover
overaa
coaxial
coaxialcable.
cable.
 
1947:
1947:William
WilliamShockley,
Shockley,John
JohnBardeen,
Bardeen,and
andWalter
WalterBrattain
Brattaininvented
inventedthe
the
transistor.
transistor.

1958:
1958:The
TheUnited
UnitedStates
Stateslaunched
launcheditsitssatellite
satelliteScore,
Score,occasioning
occasioningthe
thefirst
first
transmission of a human voice from space. Score was equipped
DECAD transmission of a human voice from space. Score was equipped
with
withaatape
over a
taperecorder
recorderthat
transmitting
thatstored
ground
storedmessages
messagesreceived
station.
receivedwhile
whilepassing
passing
over a transmitting ground station.
E 1960s:
1960s:ARPANET
ARPANETwas wasdeveloped
developedbybythe
theAdvanced
AdvancedResearch
ResearchProjects
Projects
Agency
Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defenseasasaa
(ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense
1930 vehicle
vehiclefor
exchange
forenabling
enablinguniversities
universitiesand
andresearch
researchorganizations
organizationstoto
exchangeinformation
informationfreely.
freely.
1940
1961:
1961:
1950 1.1. AT&T
AT&Tbegins
beginsdigitized
2.2. Kleinrock
digitizedphone
Kleinrocksuggested
phonecalls
suggestedpacket
callsfor
packetrouting
foritsitsT1
routingofofdigital
T1system.
system.
digitaldata
datathrough
throughlarger
larger
computer networks.
computer networks.
1960
1962:
1962:
1970 1.1. J.C.R.
J.C.R.Licklider
Lickliderproposed
totoaccess data from
proposedaaGalactic
any site
GalacticNetwork
on huge
Networkthat
networks.
access data from any site on huge networks.
thatwould
wouldlet
letthe
theusers
users
2.2. Telstar
Telstar1,1,launched
launchedon onbehalf
behalfofofthe
theAmerican
AmericanTelephone
Telephoneandand
Telegraph
Telegraph Company, provided direct television transmissionbetween
Company, provided direct television transmission between
the
theUnited
UnitedStates,
States,Europe,
Europe,andandJapan,
Japan,and
andcould
couldalso
alsorelay
relayseveral
several
hundred
hundredtelephone
telephonecalls
callssimultaneously.
simultaneously.
ELI M

1963:
1963:The
Thefirst
firstcommunications
communicationsgeostationary
geostationarysatellite
satelliteSyncom
Syncom
2,2,was launched by NASA.
was launched by NASA.
 

1970

1965:
1. 1. Charles Kao put forward the theory that
information could be carried using optical
fibers. These have subsequently been
developed to provide a means of carrying huge
amounts of information at very high speed.
2. Larry Roberts sets up the first packet-based
communication between computers at MIT.
ELI M
 

1972:
1972:Robert
RobertMetcalfe
Metcalfeworked
workedout
outaaLAN
LANsystem
systemcalled
called
Ethernet.
Ethernet.

1973:
1973:
1.1. Telnet
Telnet began
began operating
operating asas the
the first
first public
public packet
packet data
data
communications carrier.
communications carrier.

DECAD 2.2. Vinton

VintonCerf
Cerfproposed
proposedlinking
linkingArpanet
Arpanetwith
networks and thus internet was born.
withtwo
twoother
othergovernment
government
networks and thus internet was born.
E 1974:
1974:
1980
IBM
IBMannounced
announcedSystem
SystemNetwork
NetworkArchitecture
Architecture(SNA).
(SNA).

1990 1976:
1976:
DEC
DEC(Digital
(DigitalEquipment
EquipmentCorp.)
Corp.)launched
launcheditsitsDECnet
DECnetthat
thatevolved
evolved
into OSI architecture.
into OSI architecture.

1984:
1984:
The
TheOptical
OpticalFibre
Fibreattained
attainedspeed
speedofof500
500Mbps.
Mbps.

1989:
1989:
PTAT-1
PTAT-1the thefirst
firstprivate
privatetrans-Atlantic
trans-Atlanticfiber
fiberoptic
opticcable
cablecarries
carriestwo
ELI M

two
third
thirdofofall
alltran-Atlantic
tran-Atlanticdata
datatraffic.
traffic.
 1988
 CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the 
needs  exhibited  during  the  Morris  worm  incident.  The  worm  is  the  only  advisory 
issued this year.
 
 US Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be supported by 
Government purchased products  

 NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) 

 CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded by Susan 
Estrada. 

 Internet  Assigned  Numbers  Authority  (IANA)  established  in  December  with  Jon 
Postel  as  its  Director.  Postel  was  also  the  RFC  Editor  and  US  Domain  registrar  for 
many years. 

 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen  
 The first multicast tunnel is established between Stanford and BBN in the Summer of 
1988. 
 1989
 Number of hosts breaks 100,000

 RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service

providers) to ensure the necessary administrative and technical
coordination to allow the operation of the pan-European IP
Network.

 First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the

Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National
Research Initiative (CNRI), and CompuServe through Ohio State
Univ ersity.

 Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is

formed by merging CSNET into BITNET (August)
 1990

 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor. 

 The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first 
commercial provider of Internet dial-up access.

 ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an 
approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows 
OSI application to operate over TCP/IP .

 CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian 
backbone with direct connection to NSFNET.

 The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the 
Internet, the Internet Toaster by John Romkey, (controlled via 
SNMP) makes its debut at Interop. 
 1991
 First connection takes place between Brazil, by Fapesp, and the Internet at 9600 baud.

 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance 
Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts restrictions on the 
commercial use of the Net (March) .

 Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, released by Thinking Machines Corporation .

 Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnesota .

 World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer .

  First Web server is nxoc01.cern.ch, launched in Nov 1990 and later renamed info.cern.ch.

 US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National Research and Education Network (NREN) .

 NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps).

 NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month .

 Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signaled the changeover from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the 
UK academic network. IP was initially 'tunneled' within X.25. 
 1992
 Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered (January) .

 IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and

becomes part of the Internet Society .

 Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 .

 First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video

multicast (November) .

 RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in

April to provide address registration and coordination
services to the European Internet community .

 World Bank comes on-line

 1993
 InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet
services:
 directory and database services (AT&T)
 registration services (Network Solutions Inc.)
 information services (General Atomics/CERFnet)

 US White House comes on-line (

http://www.whitehouse.gov/)

 Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting

 United Nations (UN) comes on-line

 1994
 ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary 

 Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet 

 US Senate and House provide information servers 

 Shopping malls arrive on the Internet 

 First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas 

 WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the net.

 Japanese Prime Minister on-line (http://www.kantei.go.jp/) 

 UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/) 

 New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line (http://www.govt.nz/) 

 First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business 

                                                                                                                                           contd…
 1994 contd..
 The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They were 
for Zima (a beverage) and AT&T 

 Trans-European  Research  and  Education  Network  Association  (

TERENA)  is  formed  by  the  merger  of  RARE  and  EARN,  with 
representatives  from  38  countries  as  well  as  CERN  and  ECMWF. 
TERENA's aim is to "promote and participate in the development of 
a  high  quality  international  information  and  telecommunications 
infrastructure for the benefit of research and education" (October) 
 1995
 NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now 
routed through interconnected network providers 

 The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the 
very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing 
centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC 

 Neda Rayaneh Institute (NRI), Iran's first commercial provider, comes online, 
connecting via satellite to Cadvision, a Canadian provider 

 Sun launches JAVA on May 23 

 RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time 
 Radio HK, the first commercial 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts 
broadcasting .

                                                                          contd…
 1995  contd..
 WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet based on packet 
count, and in April based on byte count 

 Traditional online dial-up systems (CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet 
access 

 The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret Service and Drug Enforcement 
Agency (DEA) apprehend three individuals who were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone 
cloning equipment and electronic devices 

 Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with their families back home via 
the Internet. 

 Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines 
 1996
 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader 
Yasser Arafat, and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten 
minutes in an online interactive chat session on 17 January.

 
 Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into 
question whether they will be able to handle the growing number 
of users. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet 
(28 hours - email only) 

 MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing 
the effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. 

 Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone 
 1997

 71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory
 
 The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is 
established to handle administration and registration of IP 
numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by 
Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. 

 CA*net II launched in June to provide Canada's next 
generation Internet using ATM/SONET 

 RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts 
 1998
 Electronic postal stamps become a reality, with the US Postal Service 
allowing stamps to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the 
Web. 

 ABCNews.com accidentally posts test US election returns one day early 
(2 November) 

 US DoC enters into an agreement with the 
Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to establish a 
process for transitioning DNS from US Government management to 
industry (25 November) 

 Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals 

 Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection 
 1999
 vBNS sets up an OC48 link between CalREN South and North using 
Juniper M40 routers 

 First Internet Bank of Indiana, the first full-service bank available only on 
the Net, opens for business on 22 February 

 IBM becomes the first Corporate partner to be approved for Internet2 access 

 First large-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the war in 
Serbia/Kosovo 

 Abilene, the Internet2 network, reaches across the Atlantic and connects to 
NORDUnet and SURFnet 

 Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 
 2000
 The US timekeeper (USNO) and a few other time services around the 
world report the new year as 19100 on 1 Jan 

 A massive denial of service attack is launched against major web sites, 
including Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February 

 Internet2 backbone network deploys IPv6 (16 May)
  
 Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au 
domain to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN signs over control to auDA on 26 
Oct 2001. 

 Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster 

 Emerging Technologies: Wireless devices, IPv6 
 2001
 The first live distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman 
-- over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb 

 Radio stations broadcasting over the Web go silent over actor royalty 
disputes (10 Apr) 

 High schools in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and 
Washington) become the first to gain Internet2 access 

 GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, 
becomes operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 network which 
was closed down (30 Nov) 

 First uncompressed real-time gigabit HDTV transmission across a 
wide-area IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). 
 2002
 Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest of 
proposed song royalty rate increases (1 May) 

 Abilene (Internet2) backbone deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug)
 
 Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate, and 40 affiliate members (2 Sep) 

 DNS root servers knocking out all but 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national security 
concerns, VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one of its two DNS root 
servers 

 A new US law creates a kids-safe "dot-kids" domain (kids.us) to be implemented 
in 2003 (3 Dec) 

 The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate virtual wanted posts across 
the Web portal's properties (11 Dec) 
 2003
 Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 
Jan. Transition is completed on 27 Jan.
 
 The first official Swiss online election takes place in Anières (7 Jan)
 
 Taxes make headlines as: larger US Internet retailers begin collecting 
taxes on all purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the 
EU requires all Internet companies to collect value added tax (VAT) 
on digital downloads starting 1 July 

 The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by 
government ministries, and adopts the use of the more French 
sounding "courriel" (Jul) 
 2004
 For  the  first  time,  there  are  more  instances  of  DNS  root 
servers outside the US with the launch of an anycast instance 
of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server 

 Abiline,  the  Internet2  backbone,  upgrade  from  2.5Gbps  to 

10Gbps is completed (4 Feb) 

 CERNET2,  the  first  backbone  IPv6  network  in  China,  is 

launched  by  the  China  Education  and  Research  Network 
(CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-
10Gbps (27 Dec) 
 Lecture No.2
 
 
 
 

 
 
By

    

Prof. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Rajput

 COMMUNICATION MODEL

 The simplified communication model is depicted in figure

below:
 
Noise
 
 
Source Transmitter  
Channel Receiver Destination

General Block Diagram

EXAMPLES
 SOURCE
  The source is actually the source of data that may be voice,
picture, video or digital bits. The signals from source are not
directly transmitted but are first converted into electrical
signals through the use of some transducers like
microphone, video camera, etc.
 
 TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER
The transmitter’s role is to make the source signal suitable 
for the channel. Even the source signal may be electrical in 
nature,  a  lot  of  processing  is  to  be  done  on  it,  i.e. 
modulation in case of analog signals and encoding in case 
of digital signals. 
 
 CHANNEL
Normally the channel is regarded as a band of frequencies 
used for communication purpose. The term channel is also 
meant  for  the  physical  medium  used  for  communication 
purpose. These physical mediums may be copper wires, air, 
or optical fiber.
 
 N O I S E

 Noise  is  actually  unwanted  signal,  mixed  with  the  actual 

signal  that  contains  information.  Noise  contaminates  the 
information  components  of  the  signal.  The  behavior  of 
noise is random in nature so to remove noise from a signal 
has been a challenge to every communication engineer. In 
the  block  diagram,  the  noise  is  shown  to  be  added  to  the 
signal at the channel but actually it can be anywhere in the 
communication system.
 RECEIVER
When  the  transmitted  signal  reaches  the  receiver,  most  of  its 
power  has  been  dissipated  and  several  forms  of  noise  have 
been  added  to  it.  The  receiver  must  first  amplify  this  weak 
signal enough to overcome any internal noise and also separate 
it  from  all  other  signals  present.  It  must  then 
demodulates/decode this signal.
 
In  short,  the  receiver  is  the  device  that  does  reverse  of  a 
transmitter  i.e.  it  extracts  the  actual  signal  forms  one  that  is 
received. For example, demodulator and decoder.
 DESTINATION
 

At  the  destination  the  electrical  signal  is  converted 

back into its original form i.e. voice, video, or data.
 COMMUNICATION TASKS

Some of the tasks performed by a communication system       
     

   are:

     Transmission system utilization

 Addressing
 Routing
 Signal Generation
 Recovery
 Security
 Error detection and correction
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
UTILIZATION
 
It  is  actually  the  efficient  use  of  transmission  facilities  that  are  shared 
among a number of connected devices.
 
 ADDRESSING
 
When  a  transmission  system  is  shared  by  more  than  two 
devices,  every  device  is  issued  with  its  unique  address  by 
which it can be located over the network.
 ROUTING
The  term  routing  refers  to  steering  the  data  to  the  desired 
destination  system.  During  the  routing  process.  It  is  assured 
that the data must be received by the intended system(s) only.
 SIGNAL GENERATION
The signal generation process takes care that
 
(i)                The signal is capable to be propagated through the channel.
(ii)              The signal is interpretable by the receiver as valid data.
 RECOVERY
 
It is generally the case with the digital communication system that when a 
link is terminated unintentionally/abnormally, during the conversation, and 
established again, the data must be received from the point where the link 
was broken down. This process is called recovery.
 
 SECURITY
 
Security  refers  to  protection  of  data  to  be  taped  down/hacked  by  any 
unauthorized user of the network.
 ERROR
ERROR DETECTION
DETECTION AND
AND
CORRECTION
CORRECTION
These mechanisms are required in such situations where errors cannot be 
tolerated.
 UTURE TRENDS IN COMMUNICATIONS

othing can be predicted with certainty about the future of communication but certain trends can be noted 

   The cost of communication is reducing, making advanced applications more affordable.

   There has been no thin line dividing LANs and WANs. The networking has been further extended by the  

     technology called Virtual Private Network. 

    Advancements in the field of E-commerce, M-Commerce, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),  

    SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork), and FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) have proved the  

     greater potential in the field of communication.

     These technologies will soon merge together to deliver integrated multimedia voice, data, text, and video 

      to virtually any terminal throughout the world.