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Cells are broken down

to release DNA

If only a small amount of DNA is

available it can be amplified
by using a polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
ë ?


he DNA is then cut into little fragments using
restriction enzymes.

Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base

sequence.

For example:
ë
hiscreates thousands of restriction
fragments of all different sizes because the
base sequences being cut may be far apart
(long fragment) or close together (short
fragment).
?

ë Fragments are then
separated by size
using a process called
gel electrophoresis.

ë
heDNA is then
injected into wells
and an electric
current is applied
along the opposite
sides of the gel.
DNA is negatively
charged so it is
attracted to the
positive end of the
gel.

he shorter DNA
fragments move
faster than the longer
fragments so they
travel deeper into the
gel.
ëA radioactive material
is added to combines
with the DNA
fragments that makes
them show up on a
nylon sheet.

ë
hismakes a
photographic copy of
the DNA bands.
?
 
ë
he pattern of the fragment distribution is
then analysed and compared.
ë DNAfingerprinting was introduced into the
courts in the US in 1988.
ë DNA typing was considered flawed from the
beginning because the companies had no
track record within the forensic field.
ë Several
early cases had poorly defined
procedures and useless interpretations of the
evidence.
- (Lander and Budowle)
ë CSI Belief Systemµ
ë Ifthe DNA of the suspect and the DNA
evidence appear sufficiently similar the
samples are declared a match.

ë Ifany of the fragments are separated by

more than three standard deviations of the
measurement, it is declared a non-match and
the donor is released from the suspect list
(Roeder).
ë Nucleix; an Israeli ë How?
group of scientists

hey extracted the
revealed through white blood cells
their published work (containing the DNA)
in a forensics journal and left the red blood
that they successfully cells, and added
took blood and saliva amplified DNA from
another donor«
from one individual
and was able to
replace it with
different DNA samples
from another donor.

hey sent the sample they created to a well-
known forensics lab in the United States and
when it was analyzed as a normal sample

hey were unaware and unable to tell it had
been modified in any way

ë Nucleix is now promoting a test designed to

tell the difference between real and
faked/modified DNA samples.
- (Arnold)
ë Privacy:
Increases genetic discrimination by:
Î jovernment
Î Insurers
Î Employers
Î Schools
Î Banks & others

ë Practicality:
Backlog of over half a million DNA samples wait
to be entered into he CODIS system
ë rho is chosen for sampling?
United States - Each state legislature independently
decides whether DNA can be sampled for arrestees or
convicts.
Katie·s Bill ² New Mexico, 2006
Î Previous Law: Only required DNA from convicted felons

Î New Law: Requires police to take DNA samples from

suspects in most felony arrests
Î Fourth Amendment violation?

ë Civil liberties advocates says violations against

unreasonable search and seizure
ë Stressed law could be abused to justify arrests made
on less than probable cause just to obtain DNA
evidence.
ë As of September 2007:
All 50 states: Require convicted sex offenders to
submit DNA.
44 states: Require convicted felons to submit DNA
9 states: Require DNA samples from those convicted
of certain misdemeanors
11 states: Laws authorizing arrestee DNA sampling
Î Alaska, Arizona, California, Kansas, Louisiana,
Minnesota, New Mexico, N. Dakota,
ennessee,
exas,
& Virginia
ë Major crimes are often committed by people with
other offenses. DNA bank makes it easier to find
suspects.

ë Innocent people are being incarcerated for crimes

they didn·t commit. DNA being taken at the time
of the arrest may have proven them innocent by
now.

ë DNA banking from arrestees· results in financial

savings in: investigation, prosecution, and
incarceration.
ë Arresteesfound innocent of crimes & the
retention of their DNA raises ethical & social
issues.

ë People may be identified as matches or

partial matches to DNA found at crime scenes
if they were there earlier or have similar DNA
profile to actual criminal.
ë Sensitive genetic information can be
obtained from DNA samples. Police & other
officials would have access to the people·s
DNA without their consent.
Seen as intrusion of personal privacy and a
violation of civil liberties.

ë Eventhe most secure database has a chance

of being compromised.
ë Human jenome Project Information. 16 June 2009. 21 February 2011
<http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_jenome/elsi/forensics.
shtml>.

ë U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 13 January 2011. 21 February

2011
<http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.eb1d4c2a3e5b9ac892
43c6a7543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=b6629c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RC
RD&vgnextchannel=b6629c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD>.

ë Arnold, Paul. "rho Invented DNA Fingerprinting?" 22 July 2010.

BrightHub. 22 February 2011
<http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/14458.aspx>.

ë Lieberman, Kate Brinton and Kim-An. "Basics of DNA Fingerprinting."

1994. Protist Biology rashington. 22 February 2011
<http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html>.

ë Mcjuigan ,Brendan. " rhat Is DNA Fingerprinting?" 15 February 2009.

risegeek. 24 February 2011 < http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dna-
fingerprinting.htm>.